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A Comparison of Direct and Iterated Multistep AR Methods for Forecasting Macroeconomic Time Series

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  • Stock, James
  • Watson, Mark
  • Marcellino, Massimiliano

Abstract

?Iterated? multiperiod ahead time series forecasts are made using a one-period ahead model, iterated forward for the desired number of periods, whereas ?direct? forecasts are made using a horizon-specific estimated model, where the dependent variable is the multi-period ahead value being forecasted. Which approach is better is an empirical matter: in theory, iterated forecasts are more efficient if correctly specified, but direct forecasts are more robust to model misspecification. This paper compares empirical iterated and direct forecasts from linear univariate and bivariate models by applying simulated out-of-sample methods to 171 US monthly macroeconomic time series spanning 1959-2002. The iterated forecasts typically outperform the direct forecasts, particularly if the models can select long lag specifications. The relative performance of the iterated forecasts improves with the forecast horizon.

Suggested Citation

  • Stock, James & Watson, Mark & Marcellino, Massimiliano, 2005. "A Comparison of Direct and Iterated Multistep AR Methods for Forecasting Macroeconomic Time Series," CEPR Discussion Papers 4976, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    • Handle: RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:4976
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Multistep forecasts; Var forecasts; Forecast comparisons;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C32 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes; State Space Models
    • E37 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles - - - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
    • E47 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications

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