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Escasez de órganos: impacto del uso de opciones predeterminadas para la donación en países en vía de desarrollo

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  • Paula Alejandra Algarra Saavedra3

Abstract

Para solucionar la escasez de órganos, gobiernos del mundo han optado por el uso de opciones predeterminadas, que, fundamentadas en la teoría conductual, inducen comportamientos deseados de donación cadavérica. Lo anterior, obedece a los impactos positivos que esta medida ha tenido en las tasas de donación de países desarrollados. Sin embargo, sus efectos en contextos en vía de desarrollo son desconocidos, más aún cuando se contemplan heterogeneidades. El presente estudio aporta evidencia del efecto que tiene la adopción de un sistema de opción predeterminada para donación de órganos en la tasa de donación real cadavérica de países en vía de desarrollo, a partir del estudio del caso de Colombia, un país que adoptó esta alternativa de solución con la Ley 1805 del 2016. Utilizando un panel de datos del Global Observatory on Donation and Transplantation (GODT), que comprende datos del 2012 al 2019, se realiza un ejercicio a nivel país que cuantifica el impacto de la legislación en la tasa de donación cadavérica real. Adicionalmente, el estudio se complementa con un panel de datos departamental del Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS) que estima el impacto de la legislación en la donación cadavérica real a partir del nivel de capacidad de implementación que existe al interior del país. Como resultado se obtiene que la Ley 1805 del 2016 no tuvo impacto en la tasa de donación cadavérica real. En consecuencia, las legislaciones de opción predeterminada no son infalibles. Por lo que es importante que el Gobierno nacional identifique los factores que determinan el resultado observado para formular alternativas que mitiguen la escasez de órganos. ****** To solve the organ shortage, governments worldwide have opted for opt-out, which, based on behavioral theory, induces desired deceased organ donation behaviors. This is due to the positive impact that opt-out systems have had on donation rates of developed countries. However, its effects in developing contexts are unknown, especially when heterogeneity is considered. The present study provides evidence of the effects of adopting an opt-out system for organ donation on the actual deceased organ donor rate of developing countries, based on the Colombian study case, a country that adopted this solution with Law 1805 of 2016. Using a panel of data from the Global Observatory on Donation and Transplantation (GODT), covering the years 2012 to 2019, a country-level exercise that quantifies the impact of legislation on the actual deceased organ donor rate is performed. In addition, the study is complemented by a departmental data panel from the National Institute of Health (INS) to estimate the impact of the legislation on the deceased organ donor rate based on the level of implementation capacity within the country. As a result, the Law 1805 of 2016 had no impact on the actual deceased organ donor rate. Consequently, opt-out legislations are not infallible. Therefore, the government should identify the factors that determine the observed result to formulate alternatives to mitigate the organ shortage.

Suggested Citation

  • Paula Alejandra Algarra Saavedra3, 2023. "Escasez de órganos: impacto del uso de opciones predeterminadas para la donación en países en vía de desarrollo," Documentos de trabajo 20775, Escuela de Gobierno - Universidad de los Andes.
    • Handle: RePEc:col:000547:020775
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    File URL: https://gobierno.uniandes.edu.co/sites/default/files/books/DT/DT_96.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

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