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Gender Gaps in Time Use and Entrepreneurship

Author

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  • Pedro Bento
  • Lin Shao
  • Faisal Sohail

Abstract

The prevalence of entrepreneurs, particularly low-productivity non-employers, declines as economies develop. This decline is more pronounced for women. Relative to men, women are more likely to be entrepreneurs in poor economies but less likely in rich economies. We investigate whether gender gaps in time dedicated to non-market activities, which narrow with development, can account for this pattern. We develop a quantitative framework in which selection into occupations depends on one’s ability and time and features gender-specific distortions and social norms around market work. When we calibrate the model to match cross-country data, we find that differences in social norms are almost entirely responsible for the patterns of gender gaps in both time use and entrepreneurship. Through affecting time use and entrepreneurship, social norms account for a substantial part of cross-country differences in output per worker and firm size and have significant welfare implications for women.

Suggested Citation

  • Pedro Bento & Lin Shao & Faisal Sohail, 2024. "Gender Gaps in Time Use and Entrepreneurship," Staff Working Papers 24-43, Bank of Canada.
    • Handle: RePEc:bca:bocawp:24-43
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Markus Poschke, 2018. "The Firm Size Distribution across Countries and Skill-Biased Change in Entrepreneurial Technology," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 10(3), pages 1-41, July.
    2. Antecol, Heather, 2000. "An examination of cross-country differences in the gender gap in labor force participation rates," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 7(4), pages 409-426, July.
    3. Susan Coleman & Alicia Robb, 2009. "A comparison of new firm financing by gender: evidence from the Kauffman Firm Survey data," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 33(4), pages 397-411, December.
    4. Wolpin, Kenneth I, 1984. "An Estimable Dynamic Stochastic Model of Fertility and Child Mortality," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 92(5), pages 852-874, October.
    5. Rubiano Matulevich,Eliana Carolina & Viollaz,Mariana, 2019. "Gender Differences in Time Use : Allocating Time between the Market and the Household," Policy Research Working Paper Series 8981, The World Bank.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Firm Dynamics; Productivity;

    JEL classification:

    • J2 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor
    • L2 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior
    • O1 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development

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