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Strategic Storage Investment in Electricity Markets

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  • Dongwei Zhao
  • Mehdi Jafari
  • Audun Botterud
  • Apurba Sakti

Abstract

Arbitrage is one important revenue source for energy storage in electricity markets. However, a large amount of storage in the market will impact the energy price and reduce potential revenues. This can lead to strategic behaviors of profit-seeking storage investors. To study the investors' strategic storage investments, we formulate a non-cooperative game between competing investors. Each investor decides the storage investment over a long investment horizon, and operates the storage for arbitrage revenues in the daily electricity market. Different investors can deploy storage with different characteristics. Their decisions are coupled due to the market price that is determined by all the investors' decisions. We use market data from California ISO to characterize the storage impact on the market price, based on which we establish a centralized optimization problem to compute the market equilibrium. We show that an increasing number of investors will increase the market competition, which reduces investors' profits but increases the total invested storage capacity. Furthermore, we find that a slight increase in the storage efficiency (e.g., increased charge and discharge efficiency) can significantly improve an investor's profit share in the market.

Suggested Citation

  • Dongwei Zhao & Mehdi Jafari & Audun Botterud & Apurba Sakti, 2022. "Strategic Storage Investment in Electricity Markets," Papers 2201.02290, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2022.
    • Handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2201.02290
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gordon W. Leslie & David I. Stern & Akshay Shanker & Michael T. Hogan, 2020. "Designing electricity markets for high penetration of zero or low marginal cost intermittent energy sources," CCEP Working Papers 2002, Centre for Climate & Energy Policy, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
    2. Shafiee, Soroush & Zamani-Dehkordi, Payam & Zareipour, Hamidreza & Knight, Andrew M., 2016. "Economic assessment of a price-maker energy storage facility in the Alberta electricity market," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 537-547.
    3. Cruise, James R. & Flatley, Lisa & Zachary, Stan, 2018. "Impact of storage competition on energy markets," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 269(3), pages 998-1012.
    4. Luo, Xing & Wang, Jihong & Dooner, Mark & Clarke, Jonathan, 2015. "Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 511-536.
    5. Sakti, Apurba & Botterud, Audun & O’Sullivan, Francis, 2018. "Review of wholesale markets and regulations for advanced energy storage services in the United States: Current status and path forward," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 569-579.
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    1. Zhao, Dongwei & Jafari, Mehdi & Botterud, Audun & Sakti, Apurba, 2022. "Strategic energy storage investments: A case study of the CAISO electricity market," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).

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