IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/ags/hwwadp/26354.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Burden Sharing and Cohesion Countries in European Climate Policy: The Portuguese Example

Author

Listed:
  • Dessai, Suraje
  • Michaelowa, Axel

Abstract

The EU has been a leader in international climate policy. However, due to activities of interest groups, domestic action, an area which the EU has strongly defended, is proving difficult to carry out, particularly for cohesion member states. Although their behaviour resembles free-riding, at least in an international dimension, Cohesion country targets are actually challenging in the face of their economic boom. Portugal accepted limiting its GHGs emissions to a 27% increase up to 2010 whereas current projections lead to doubt that Portugal is capable of achieving its target unless more stringent policies are implemented. Underdeveloped institutional capacities and lack of abatement interests accompanied by the rapid economic and road traffic growth are the main causes of the inefficiency of current "quasi-policies". If Portugal is unable to comply, a consistent EU-wide climate policy is impossible and the risk that the EU as a whole fails to reach its Kyoto targets rises considerably. To reduce this risk, the EU could try to introduce strong enforcement rules and sanctions to prevent member states overshooting their targets. This will be extremely difficult as past efforts to enforce EU regulation have shown. A second way may be to use EU enlargement to enlarge the bubble by the accession countries and thus gain a safety margin. The third and easiest way would be to give the EU Commission the power to buy emission permits from abroad if the target is not reached and reduce EU transfers to those countries that have not reached their target proportionally to their degree of nonattainment. This would open a safety valve while leaving an incentive to countries not to default on their target. Even if the EU manages to keep its bubble intact, Portugal represents the problem of future high emitters which will be followed by developing countries in the near future. Moreover, Portugal also represents an equity dilemma vis-à-vis developing nations as it will be difficult to ask the latter to limit their emissions when a developed country such as Portugal will have them increased. Die EU hat bislang eine führende Rolle in der internationalen Klimapolitik eingenommen. Allerdings ist die von der EU betonte Umsetzung heimischer Emissionsverringerungsmaßnahmen gegen den Widerstand mächtiger Interessengruppen nur schwer durchsetzbar, insbesondere für Kohäsionsländer. Obwohl die Emissionsziele dieser Länder international eher als Beleg für Freifahrerverhalten gesehen werden, sind sie angesichts des ökonomischen Aufschwungs ehrgeizig. Portugal akzeptierte die Begrenzung seines Treibhausgaswachstums auf 27% bis 2010. Jedoch zeigen aktuelle Prognosen, dass die Zielerreichung zweifelhaft ist, sofern nicht wirksamere Politiken eingeführt werden. Unterentwickelte Institutionen und das Fehlen von Interessengruppen, die von Emissionsverringerung profitieren, gehen mit starkem Wirtschafts- und Verkehrswachstum einher und sind Hauptgrund der Ineffizienz der derzeitigen "Quasi-Politik". Wenn Portugal sein Ziel nicht erreicht, wird eine konsistente EU-Klimapolitik unmöglich und das Risiko nimmt zu, daß die EU ihr Kyoto-Ziel nicht erreicht. Es könnte durch die Einführung strenger Sanktionen gegenüber Mitgliedsstaaten, die ihre Ziele verfehlen, reduziert werden. Allerdings zeigen Erfahrungen mit der Durchsetzung von EU-Regeln, daß dies mit erheblichen Schwierigkeiten verbunden ist. Eine zweite Möglichkeit ist die Nutzung der EU-Erweiterung zur Erweiterung der Emissionsgemeinschaft, die damit eine Sicherheitsreserve gewinnen würde. Die dritte und einfachste Möglichkeit wäre, der EU-Kommission die Möglichkeit einzuräumen, Emissionsrechte einzukaufen, falls das Ziel nicht erreicht wird. Die Finanzierung würde durch die Reduzierung von EU-Transfers an die Länder erfolgen, die ihr Ziel nicht erreicht haben. Eine derartige, proportionale Transferverringerung würde einen Anreiz schaffen, das Ziel zu erreichen. Selbst wenn die EU-Zielgemeinschaft intakt bleibt, zeigt Portugal das Problem zukünftiger Großemittenten auf, das für Entwicklungsländer relevant werden wird. Darüber hinaus gibt es auch ein Gerechtigkeitsproblem: wie können Entwicklungsländer überzeugt werden, ihre Emissionen zu verringern, wenn selbst Industrieländer wie Portugal sie erhöhen dürfen?

Suggested Citation

  • Dessai, Suraje & Michaelowa, Axel, 2000. "Burden Sharing and Cohesion Countries in European Climate Policy: The Portuguese Example," Discussion Paper Series 26354, Hamburg Institute of International Economics.
  • Handle: RePEc:ags:hwwadp:26354
    DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.26354
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/26354/files/dp000089.pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.22004/ag.econ.26354?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Axel Michaelowa, 1998. "Climate policy and interest Groups—A Public choice analysis," Intereconomics: Review of European Economic Policy, Springer;ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics;Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS), vol. 33(6), pages 251-259, November.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Markussen, Peter & Svendsen, Gert Tinggaard & Vesterdal, Morten, 2002. "The political economy of a tradable GHG permit market in the European Union," Working Papers 02-3, University of Aarhus, Aarhus School of Business, Department of Economics.
    2. Markussen, Peter & Svendsen, Gert Tinggaard, 2005. "Industry lobbying and the political economy of GHG trade in the European Union," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 245-255, January.
    3. Nicolli, Francesco & Vona, Francesco, 2019. "Energy market liberalization and renewable energy policies in OECD countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 853-867.
    4. Martin, Paul V., 2018. "Managing the risks of ecosystem services markets," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 29(PB), pages 404-410.
    5. Joan Canton, 2007. "Redealing the Cards: How the Presence of an Eco-Industry Modifies the Political Economy of Environmental Policies," Working Papers 2007.25, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei.
    6. Marco Grasso, 2004. "Climate change: the global public good," Others 0405010, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    7. Axel Michaelowa, 2021. "Solar Radiation Modification ‐ A “Silver Bullet” Climate Policy for Populist and Authoritarian Regimes?," Global Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 12(S1), pages 119-128, April.
    8. Aidt, Toke & Greiner, Sandra, 2002. "Sharing the Climate Policy Burden in the EU," Discussion Paper Series 26159, Hamburg Institute of International Economics.
    9. Gullberg, Anne Therese, 2008. "Lobbying friends and foes in climate policy: The case of business and environmental interest groups in the European Union," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(8), pages 2954-2962, August.
    10. Leo Wangler & Juan-Carlos Altamirano-Cabrera & Hans-Peter Weikard, 2013. "The political economy of international environmental agreements: a survey," International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 13(3), pages 387-403, September.
    11. Dessai, Suraje & Michaelowa, Axel, 2000. "Burden sharing and cohesion countries in European climate policy: The Portuguese example," HWWA Discussion Papers 89, Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWA).
    12. Stavros Afionis & Lindsay Stringer, 2014. "The environment as a strategic priority in the European Union–Brazil partnership: is the EU behaving as a normative power or soft imperialist?," International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 14(1), pages 47-64, March.
    13. Canton, Joan, 2007. "Redealing the Cards: How The Presence of an Eco-Industry Modifies the Political Economy of Environmental Policies," Economic Theory and Applications Working Papers 10271, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM).
    14. Michael Finus & Juan-Carlos Altamirano-Cabrera & Ekko Ierland, 2005. "The effect of membership rules and voting schemes on the success of international climate agreements," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 125(1), pages 95-127, July.
    15. Canton, Joan, 2008. "Redealing the cards: How an eco-industry modifies the political economy of environmental taxes," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(3), pages 295-315, August.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Environmental Economics and Policy;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:ags:hwwadp:26354. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: AgEcon Search (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/hwwaade.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.