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Fighting on Sea and Land: International Conflicts in East Asia in the Era of Early Economic Globalization

In: Guns and Ledgers

Author

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  • Bozhong Li

    (Peking University)

Abstract

In the early stages of economic globalization, China's relations with neighboring countries became closer, but so did the visibility of conflicting interests. Within the East Asian World, emerging regional powers like the Indochinese Peninsula and Japan, alongside traditional powers like Mongolia and Western powers from afar, collectively encircled Ming Dynasty China. The Chinese Tribute System gradually lost its effectiveness, leading the Ming Dynasty to not only contend with Old ‘Northern Di’ and New ‘Southern Man’ on land but also face new battlegrounds in the Eastern and Southern Oceans. China's national security confronted unprecedented challenges.

Suggested Citation

  • Bozhong Li, 2023. "Fighting on Sea and Land: International Conflicts in East Asia in the Era of Early Economic Globalization," Springer Books, in: Guns and Ledgers, chapter 0, pages 203-253, Springer.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:sprchp:978-981-99-6323-2_5
    DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-6323-2_5
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