Conclusion

The conclusion reflects on the implications of the contradictions within China’s economic policies. It describes how the Communist Party’s approach alternated between liberalization and restriction during the early decades of reform, allowing enough space for market forces and private enterprises to expand and drive economic growth. Under Xi Jinping, however, the Party has increasingly prioritized stability, control, and self-sufficiency in response to perceived threats from an adversarial U.S.-China relationship. While Xi’s policies aim to strengthen China, they have resulted in slower growth, stifled innovation, and strained international relations. The book advises U.S. policymakers to exercise strategic prudence, protecting U.S. economic interests while avoiding unnecessary escalation given the risks of conflict. It suggests that although a cooperative U.S.-China relationship seems unlikely now, a future return to economic openness in China could help stabilize bilateral relations and reduce the risk of conflict.