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War and Conflict: The Last 5000 Years of Human History

In: The Political Economy of Contemporary Human Civilisation, Volume II

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  • Sangaralingam Ramesh

    (University of Oxford)

Abstract

This chapter examines the historical and contemporary drivers of warfare over the last 5000 years. It highlights the evolution of conflict from resource-driven skirmishes in early societies to large-scale ideological and geopolitical wars. Early human conflicts were centred on competition for essential resources like water, land, and trade routes, which later evolved into struggles for political dominance and territorial expansion, say, of the Roman and Mongolian Empires. Ideological motivations, as seen in the Crusades, often intertwined with economic interests, shaping the nature of conflict through history. Modern wars, including the World Wars and Cold War, were driven by nationalism, industrialization, and ideological rivalries. The chapter also explores emerging challenges such as climate change and technological advancements. Climate-induced resource scarcity and advancements in AI, quantum computing, and autonomous systems introduce new risks and opportunities for conflict. The chapter underscores the importance of equitable technological governance and international cooperation to navigate these complex dynamics and foster global stability.

Suggested Citation

  • Sangaralingam Ramesh, 2025. "War and Conflict: The Last 5000 Years of Human History," Springer Books, in: The Political Economy of Contemporary Human Civilisation, Volume II, chapter 0, pages 219-268, Springer.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:sprchp:978-3-031-84185-9_7
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-84185-9_7
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