Theoretical Framework

This chapter explores the critical role of territorial contexts in shaping modern political sentiments of powerlessness and frustration. While discontent is often studied through individual-level factors, recent research highlights the profound influence of geographical and contextual elements. Building on concepts such as Katherine J. Cramer’s “rural consciousness” and the “geography of discontent” framework, the chapter examines how territorial marginalization and historical economic trajectories influence political attitudes and behaviors, with case studies from Latin America, Europe, and the United States. It argues for a shift from the “geography of voting” to a “geography of discontent”, underscoring the need to address attitudinal dimensions often overlooked in traditional analyses. The chapter delves into Latin American protests, such as Chile’s 2019 demonstrations, to illustrate how unmet expectations and perceptions of neglect fuel political resentment. Unlike Europe and the U.S., where discontent often channels into populist narratives, the Latin American experience highlights diverse expressions of dissatisfaction, including protests and abstention. Furthermore, the chapter introduces tools for understanding the democratizing potential of digital platforms, particularly for marginalized groups. By integrating territorial and digital dimensions, this work provides a multidisciplinary framework to examine political disaffection, offering insights for addressing democratic challenges in diverse contexts.