Supply-Driven IO Quantity Model and Its Dual, Price Model

The supply-driven IO quantity model is shown to be the pure opposite of the standard IO model. In this model, any change in the exogenous supply of primary inputs is passed on forwardly to purchasers that pass it on further with fixed intermediate and fixed final output coefficients. The Ghosh model furthermore assumes a single homogeneous input, which means that factories may work without labour. The Type II supply-driven model, additionally, has a supply-driven consumption function, which allows kitchen appliances to run without electricity. The dual of the Ghosh quantity model, the revenue-pull IO price model, simulates the backward passing on, under full competition, of any final output price change to the suppliers of intermediate inputs who pass them on further, to end up in changes in the prices of the primary inputs. Finally, all four basic IO models are compared and are shown to overestimate their typical impacts.