How to Identify Lack of Business Orgware

In his book “The Logic of Scientific Discovery”1 the philosopher Karl Popper argues that it is impossible to verify scientifically that something does not exist. To illustrate his point he gave the example of a “black swan.” If someone has seen only white swans it may be tempting to conclude that there are no black swans. In a community of researchers in which none has seen a black swan, this conclusion may become treated as truth. But a researcher may at any time spot a black swan in a remote area that scientists have not previously searched. Instead of trying to verify a theory, Popper argues, scientists can only strengthen it by deriving hypotheses from it, which they then try to falsify. Any test that does not falsify a hypothesis strengthens it, but most hypotheses can only be strengthened, never verified.