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Conclusion

In: The Hybrid Factory in Europe

Author

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  • Hiroshi Kumon

Abstract

Chronologically, as well as in terms of accumulated FDI, Europe ranks third after North America and Asia in attracting investment by Japanese industries. The relatively late advance of Japanese companies into Europe was due to a number of factors, including the segmented market and the existence of numerous (explicit and implicit) government and EC regulations on trade and direct investment (Mason, 1997). However in the 1980s, trade friction and the forthcoming integration of the European market acted as incentives for Japanese companies to secure a production foothold in the region, although once integration got under way the spectre of ‘Fortress Europe’ never really materialized. In the second half of the 1990s another wave of Japanese investment was prompted by the planned currency integration and EU expansion. The strategic characteristics of the Japanese advance into Europe deserve closer examination.

Suggested Citation

  • Hiroshi Kumon, 2004. "Conclusion," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Hiroshi Kumon & Tetsuo Abo (ed.), The Hybrid Factory in Europe, chapter 21, pages 265-272, Palgrave Macmillan.
    • Handle: RePEc:pal:palchp:978-0-230-52365-4_21
    DOI: 10.1057/9780230523654_21
    as

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