Conclusion

The chapter demonstrated the objectives of the book sought and how it achieved them through exploring the role of the institutional environment and the effect of institutions and the institutional work of individual and organizational actors on the initiation and implementation of new forms of project organizing such as PPP. The aim of this book was to explore how individual and organizational actors affect the initiation and implementation of public-private partnerships (PPPs). For this purpose, it explored the impact of individual and organizational actors on disruption of existing forms of project organizing at the micro-level, as well as meso-level work of organizational actors to maintain existing forms of project organizing and resist PPPs. It also looked at how societal level dynamics maintained the Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) and refrained from attempting to institutionalize PPPs for a wider range of infrastructure sectors. The present research also revealed the intricate connection between stability and continuity of the political regime governing the three Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states and the persistence of tribal and familial values that ensured allegiance and loyalty to their rulers. By analyzing how the state, market, community/tribe, and family functioned in the three GCC states, this research broadened and advanced current debates about the role of PPP-related organizational fields in enabling or inhibiting PPPs.