AI-enabled business model and human-in-the-loop (deceptive AI): implications for labor

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) systems have gained popularity and are expected to enhance efficiency and productivity. However, there is a common misconception that these systems are fully automated and will replace human labor. Emerging research indicates that AI-enabled business models rely heavily on human workers for training, development, monitoring and service of the AI. Human-in-the-loop processes remain fundamental to the operation of AI systems, which increasingly utilize a global pool of workers through digital labor platforms to perform multiple tasks. This chapter highlights the precarious working conditions of workers who perform tasks to support and develop AI systems, based on surveys conducted on microtask platforms. It also highlights the implications of the AI-enabled business models on transforming the nature of employment and job quality, and the risk of exacerbating inequalities and underlines the importance of promoting decent work for all.