Technological transformation in India: the debate between appropriate and frontier technologies

Appropriate technology, an alternative approach to capital-intensive large-scale industries, imparts simple and indigenous technology solutions to improve the livelihood of people in resource-constrained environments. The chapter highlights the historical trajectory of technological advancements and the associated challenges faced in India. It discusses the history of technological transformations that took place in India from Gandhian 'Swadeshi and basic needs approach' to 'Nehruvian socialist approach' towards technological development and eventually discusses the impact of economic reforms on technology. Citing the examples of suitability and non-suitability of appropriate technology, the chapter critically examines the applicability of small-scale technology in Indian context and also how well it fits into the current structural framework of Indian economy. Keeping in view, the significant technological developments and innovations that India has witnessed in last few decades, the chapter draws upon some elements of frugal and frontier technology-based solutions which is 'appropriate' for the economic environment of India.