National and transnational

Despite the growing interest in different types of populism, less attention has been paid to transnational populism in particular, which remains an underresearched phenomenon and is often even perceived as a paradox. This chapter examines the specificity of transnational populism by differentiating it from populism on the national level and other forms of populism across and beyond the nation-state. In doing so it introduces a conceptual framework for identifying three different types of populism across and beyond the nation-state based on the prefixes inter-, trans- and post-. In contrast to the assumption that a transnational populism abandons the nation-state, it argues that there is an inherent duality in the understanding of transnationalism which entails that the nation-state is not deleted from the equation. Finally, the chapter explores a set of empirical cases that have been regarded as examples of transnational populism and briefly assesses them based on the suggested framework.