From the machine learning region to the deep learning region: Tesla, DarkTrace and DeepMind as internationalized local to global cluster firms

In this chapter we explore how cluster internationalisation evolved through a process called co-presencing. We further take into account key areas where proposed 4.0 Economy processes are likely to cause major disruption to established business models (including cluster models). Key here is the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and its application in production and services. We take as illustrations three vignettes based on AI learning applications. In particular we differentiate Machine-Learning from Deep-Learning regions. This leads to accounts of changed aspects of the spatial configurations entailed, as described in the first main section of the chapter. Thereafter, the rest of the chapter collects answers to questions about whither cluster internationalisation seems to lead. We briefly review exemplary research literature on “co-presencing†or multi-scalar clustering of global-local knowledge intensive production and services interactions. This begins in the second section of the chapter, which references issues of “co-presencing†at localised cluster scale. Then in the third section, attention moves into issues of internationalisation by diagonal and lateral cluster-to-cluster interaction at the global scale. Finally, conclusions are drawn.