First civilisations

This chapter discusses the early rise of agrarian civilisations, those in the Middle East, often seen as being the global pioneers, although this may not be true. It analyses the nature of the empires and civilisations which arose in three separate regions – Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Harappan civilisation. It recounts the distinctive features which differentiated each, including longevity. Such agrarian civilisations appeared at least 5000 years after the first introduction of agriculture, so took some time to emerge. The varying mix of military activity and trade is briefly discussed. The economic role of government is emphasised and the first growth of trade noted. The three relevant civilisations interacted with each other in a positive way, through trade and the transfer of innovations. An important emphasis is put on the rise and fall of these civilisations and the reasons for their decline.