Applicability of Comprehensive and Optimal Carbon-neutral Solutions in ASEAN in Energy Transition

ASEAN is committed to developing renewable energy sources as part of the energy transition to reduce emissions. However, it is observed that renewables alone may not be sufficient to support sustained growth and ensure a sustainable energy supply for further economic and social development. Therefore, it is important for ASEAN to pursue an ‘inclusive’ approach by involving all available fuels. To this end, accelerating the deployment of cleaner coal technologies (CCT) and carbon capture and utilisation (CCU) solutions through relevant policy formulation is crucial. The preceding study examined the development and introduction of related technologies, many of which are proven, and some are still in the pipeline. Based on this information, the team identified technology options and tailored approaches for achieving carbon neutrality that align with each country’s specific circumstances in terms of applicability, availability, and affordability. This study focuses on Indonesia for non-grid and grid stabilisation technologies to support mitigating possible grid fluctuations during the energy transition. It also looks at Thailand for biomass utilisation through gasification and fuel conversion processes, both of which have yet to receive due attention from policymakers. The proposed combination of technologies and recommended policy measures under the sub-studies on Indonesia and Thailand are expected to inspire ASEAN Member States to identify their own solutions for energy transition, either individually or collectively.