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An Investigation Based On Elements Correlation And Risk Level Of Fluoride In Groundwater In India. A Review

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Listed:
  • Warda Khalid

    (School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China)

  • Misbah Fida

    (School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China)

  • Wakeel Hussain

    (School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China)

  • Abdur Rashid

    (School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China)

  • Hamad Ur Rehman

    (School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China)

Abstract

This paper reviews the concentration and distribution of fluoride in Indian groundwater with particular emphasis and similarities between different components. Groundwater is an essential and precious source of water for drinking. Fluoride is frequently found naturally in the groundwater. Through human activities, organic pollutants enter the groundwater are also a significant concern that can not be avoided. The data for this review paper was obtained from nineteen locations from 2007 to 2018. The data revealed that fluoride concentration ranged from 0.26 to 5.636 mg/L, with 37% of sites with a higher fluoride concentration level. Excessive fluoride ingestion contributes to fluorosis of the dentures and skeletons and bone deformities. It is observed that eight sites were found with higher concentrations (>180 mg/L) of hard water minerals out of nineteen sites. The correlation between the elements itself shows a strong positive correlation, which is r= +1 but the correlation of F- , Ca2+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, HCO3- , Cl- , SO42-, NO3- , Fe, Mn, PO43-, CO32- between each other is either strong, medium, or small positive and negative or shows no linear relationship between each other. It was noted that the level of health risk in the district of Dhandband and the state of Telangana was calculated to have a higher risk with greater probability and consequences.

Suggested Citation

  • Warda Khalid & Misbah Fida & Wakeel Hussain & Abdur Rashid & Hamad Ur Rehman, 2021. "An Investigation Based On Elements Correlation And Risk Level Of Fluoride In Groundwater In India. A Review," Environmental Contaminants Reviews (ECR), Zibeline International Publishing, vol. 4(1), pages 11-18, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:zib:zbnecr:v:4:y:2021:i:1:p:11-18
    DOI: 10.26480/ecr.01.2021.11.18
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Datta, K. K. & de Jong, C. & Singh, O. P., 2000. "Reclaiming salt-affected land through drainage in Haryana, India: a financial analysis," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 46(1), pages 55-71, November.
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