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The Inequality Of Natural Resources Consumption And Its Relationship With The Social Development Level Based On The Ecological Footprint And The Hdi

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  • DONGJING CHEN

    (Department of International Economics and Trade, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ning Xia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China)

  • XIAOYAN MA

    (Department of International Economics and Trade, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ning Xia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China)

  • HAIRONG MU

    (Department of Economics and Related Studies, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK)

  • PEIYING LI

    (The First Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Qingdao, 266061, China)

Abstract

This paper aims to provide a better understanding of the current situation of natural resources consumption in the world and its relationship with the level of social development. The Ecological Footprint concept is used to indicate human beings' environmental impact, and the Human Development Index (HDI) is used as a process for the social development level. Based on the dataset of 136 countries from the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), we calculate the Gini coefficients of the total Ecological Footprint per person (EF) and its sub items, i.e., Renewable Resources Footprint per person (REF) and Energy Footprint per person (EEF). The results indicate that significant inequality exists in natural resources consumption among the 136 countries from 1996 to 2005, and inequality of the EEF is the largest. We also calculate the Lorenz asymmetry coefficients of EF, REF and EEF, which are all greater than 1, indicating that the inequality results from some countries having extremely high resources consumption. The regression analyses of EF, REF and EEF with HDI, respectively, are made to show that there is a significant U-shaped relationship between natural resources consumption per person and the social development level rather than an inverted U-shaped relationship. Therefore, the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is not supported by this research.

Suggested Citation

  • Dongjing Chen & Xiaoyan Ma & Hairong Mu & Peiying Li, 2010. "The Inequality Of Natural Resources Consumption And Its Relationship With The Social Development Level Based On The Ecological Footprint And The Hdi," Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management (JEAPM), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 12(01), pages 69-86.
    • Handle: RePEc:wsi:jeapmx:v:12:y:2010:i:01:n:s1464333210003528
    DOI: 10.1142/S1464333210003528
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Grossman, G.M & Krueger, A.B., 1991. "Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement," Papers 158, Princeton, Woodrow Wilson School - Public and International Affairs.
    2. Shafik, Nemat & Bandyopadhyay, Sushenjit, 1992. "Economic growth and environmental quality : time series and cross-country evidence," Policy Research Working Paper Series 904, The World Bank.
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    1. Teixidó-Figueras, J. & Duro, J.A., 2014. "Spatial Polarization of the Ecological Footprint Distribution," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 93-106.
    2. Teixidó-Figueras, Jordi & Duro, Juan Antonio, 2015. "The building blocks of International Ecological Footprint inequality: A Regression-Based Decomposition," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 30-39.
    3. Farid Gasmi & Laura Recuero Virto & Denis Couvet, 2020. "The Impact of Renewable Versus Non-renewable Natural Capital on Economic Growth," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 77(2), pages 271-333, October.
    4. Jordi Teixidó-Figueras & Juan Duro, 2015. "International Ecological Footprint Inequality: A Methodological Review and Some Results," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 60(4), pages 607-631, April.
    5. Uzar, Umut, 2024. "The critical role of green innovation technologies and democracy in the transition to sustainability: A study on leading emerging market economies," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    6. Jordi Teixidó-Figueras & Juan Antonio Duro, 2012. "Ecological Footprint Inequality: A methodological review and some results," Working Papers XREAP2012-15, Xarxa de Referència en Economia Aplicada (XREAP), revised Sep 2012.
    7. Duro, Juan Antonio & Teixidó-Figueras, Jordi, 2013. "Ecological footprint inequality across countries: The role of environment intensity, income and interaction effects," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 34-41.
    8. Shuai Wang & Nabila Abid & Fayyaz Ahmad & Aamir Javed, 2024. "Natural resource management and green technological innovation impact on health risks and social development: Evidence from advanced economies," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 177(10), pages 1-26, October.
    9. Issaka Dialga, 2017. "A Sustainability Index of Mining Countries," Working Papers halshs-01500643, HAL.
    10. Krishna Malakar & Trupti Mishra & Anand Patwardhan, 2018. "Inequality in water supply in India: an assessment using the Gini and Theil indices," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 20(2), pages 841-864, April.
    11. Uzar, Umut, 2024. "The dynamic effect of income distribution, natural resources, and freedom of press on ecological footprint: Theory and empirical evidence for emerging economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    12. Langnel, Zechariah & Amegavi, George Babington & Donkor, Prince & Mensah, James Kwame, 2021. "Income inequality, human capital, natural resource abundance, and ecological footprint in ECOWAS member countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    13. Sinha, Avik, 2016. "Trilateral association between SO2 / NO2 emission, inequality in energy intensity, and economic growth: A case of Indian cities," MPRA Paper 100010, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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