IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wsi/ijfexx/v04y2017i02n03ns2424786317500256.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Banks’ capital regulation and risk: Does bank vary in size? Empirical evidence from Bangladesh

Author

Listed:
  • Changjun Zheng

    (School of Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China)

  • Syed Moudud-Ul-Huq

    (School of Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China†Department of Business Administration, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh)

Abstract

This paper primarily examines both causality effect of banks’ capital regulation and risk-taking behavior based on generalized methods of moment (GMM) for a dynamic unbalanced panel observation of 32 commercial banks in Bangladesh over the period 2000–2014. The empirical findings of this study suggest that capital regulation has a significant effect on risk-taking behavior, and excessive risks impede the growth of capital ratio as well as the stability. Moreover, from bank-level data, size does not uniformly affect the quantity of capital and risk. Large banks have poor capital ratio and higher inclination to risk than small size counterpart. Small size banks are well managed in capital ratio and risk-taking that glitter their stability through the periods. Besides these effects, corporate governance notably influenced banks to reduce credit risk and enhance stability. Finally, this paper provides some implications for the think tanks and stakeholders of the country.

Suggested Citation

  • Changjun Zheng & Syed Moudud-Ul-Huq, 2017. "Banks’ capital regulation and risk: Does bank vary in size? Empirical evidence from Bangladesh," International Journal of Financial Engineering (IJFE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 4(02n03), pages 1-27, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:wsi:ijfexx:v:04:y:2017:i:02n03:n:s2424786317500256
    DOI: 10.1142/S2424786317500256
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S2424786317500256
    Download Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1142/S2424786317500256?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hughes, Joseph P. & Mester, Loretta J. & Moon, Choon-Geol, 2001. "Are scale economies in banking elusive or illusive?: Evidence obtained by incorporating capital structure and risk-taking into models of bank production," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 25(12), pages 2169-2208, December.
    2. Calomiris, Charles W. & Herring, Richard J., 2011. "Why and How to Design a Contingent Convetible Debt Requirement," Working Papers 11-41, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School, Weiss Center.
    3. Berger, Allen N, 1995. "The Relationship between Capital and Earnings in Banking," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 27(2), pages 432-456, May.
    4. Agoraki, Maria-Eleni K. & Delis, Manthos D. & Pasiouras, Fotios, 2011. "Regulations, competition and bank risk-taking in transition countries," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 7(1), pages 38-48, January.
    5. Gerard Caprio & James Barth & Ross Levine, 2008. "Bank Regulations Are Changing: But For Better or Worse?," Center for Development Economics 2008-04, Department of Economics, Williams College.
    6. Jokipii, Terhi & Milne, Alistair, 2011. "Bank capital buffer and risk adjustment decisions," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 7(3), pages 165-178, August.
    7. Breusch, T S, 1978. "Testing for Autocorrelation in Dynamic Linear Models," Australian Economic Papers, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 17(31), pages 334-355, December.
    8. Laeven, Luc & Levine, Ross, 2009. "Bank governance, regulation and risk taking," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 93(2), pages 259-275, August.
    9. Olivier De Jonghe & Mustafa Disli & Koen Schoors, 2012. "Corporate Governance, Opaque Bank Activities, and Risk/Return Efficiency: Pre- and Post-Crisis Evidence from Turkey," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 41(1), pages 51-80, April.
    10. Franklin Allen & Elena Carletti & Robert Marquez, 2011. "Credit Market Competition and Capital Regulation," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 24(4), pages 983-1018.
    11. Besanko, David & Kanatas, George, 1996. "The Regulation of Bank Capital: Do Capital Standards Promote Bank Safety?," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 5(2), pages 160-183, April.
    12. Kim, Moshe & Kristiansen, Eirik Gaard & Vale, Bent, 2005. "Endogenous product differentiation in credit markets: What do borrowers pay for?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 29(3), pages 681-699, March.
    13. Rime, Bertrand, 2001. "Capital requirements and bank behaviour: Empirical evidence for Switzerland," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 25(4), pages 789-805, April.
    14. Elijah Brewer & Cheng-Few Lee, 1986. "How the market judges bank risk," Economic Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, vol. 10(Nov), pages 25-31.
    15. Charles W. Calomiris & Berry Wilson, 2004. "Bank Capital and Portfolio Management: The 1930s "Capital Crunch" and the Scramble to Shed Risk," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 77(3), pages 421-456, July.
    16. Berger, A.N. & Bouwman, C.H.S. & Kick, T. & Schaeck, K., 2011. "Bank Risk Taking and Liquidity Creation Following Regulatory Interventions and Capital Support," Other publications TiSEM 22c97f78-b2e8-48a0-a1fd-f, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    17. Lin, Shu Ling & Penm, Jack H.W. & Gong, Shang-Chi & Chang, Ching-Shan, 2005. "Risk-based capital adequacy in assessing on insolvency-risk and financial performances in Taiwan's banking industry," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 19(1), pages 111-153, March.
    18. Ghosh, Saibal, 2014. "Risk, capital and financial crisis," MPRA Paper 65246, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    19. Thakor, Anjan V., 2012. "Incentives to innovate and financial crises," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 103(1), pages 130-148.
    20. Iwatsubo, Kentaro, 2007. "Bank capital shocks and portfolio risk: Evidence from Japan," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 19(2), pages 166-186, March.
    21. Louzis, Dimitrios P. & Vouldis, Angelos T. & Metaxas, Vasilios L., 2012. "Macroeconomic and bank-specific determinants of non-performing loans in Greece: A comparative study of mortgage, business and consumer loan portfolios," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(4), pages 1012-1027.
    22. Viral V. Acharya & Hamid Mehran & Til Schuermann & Anjan V. Thakor, 2012. "Robust capital regulation," Current Issues in Economics and Finance, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, vol. 18(May).
    23. Koehn, Michael & Santomero, Anthony M, 1980. "Regulation of Bank Capital and Portfolio Risk," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 35(5), pages 1235-1244, December.
    24. Oliver Hart & Luigi Zingales, 2011. "A New Capital Regulation for Large Financial Institutions," American Law and Economics Review, American Law and Economics Association, vol. 13(2), pages 453-490.
    25. Lee, Tung-Hao & Chih, Shu-Hwa, 2013. "Does financial regulation affect the profit efficiency and risk of banks? Evidence from China's commercial banks," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 705-724.
    26. Avery, Robert B. & Berger, Allen N., 1991. "Risk-based capital and deposit insurance reform," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 15(4-5), pages 847-874, September.
    27. Bert Scholtens, 2000. "Competition, Growth, and Performance in the Banking Industry," Center for Financial Institutions Working Papers 00-18, Wharton School Center for Financial Institutions, University of Pennsylvania.
    28. Shrieves, Ronald E. & Dahl, Drew, 1992. "The relationship between risk and capital in commercial banks," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 16(2), pages 439-457, April.
    29. Haq, Mamiza & Heaney, Richard, 2012. "Factors determining European bank risk," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 22(4), pages 696-718.
    30. Kose John & Lubomir Litov & Bernard Yeung, 2008. "Corporate Governance and Risk‐Taking," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 63(4), pages 1679-1728, August.
    31. Aggarwal, Raj & Jacques, Kevin T., 2001. "The impact of FDICIA and prompt corrective action on bank capital and risk: Estimates using a simultaneous equations model," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 25(6), pages 1139-1160, June.
    32. Godfrey, Leslie G, 1978. "Testing against General Autoregressive and Moving Average Error Models When the Regressors Include Lagged Dependent Variables," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 46(6), pages 1293-1301, November.
    33. Saibal Ghosh, 2014. "Risk, capital and financial crisis: Evidence for GCC banks," Borsa Istanbul Review, Research and Business Development Department, Borsa Istanbul, vol. 14(3), pages 145-157, September.
    34. repec:hal:journl:hal-00785225 is not listed on IDEAS
    35. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Hsieh, Meng-Fen, 2013. "The impact of bank capital on profitability and risk in Asian banking," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 251-281.
    36. Gonzalez, Francisco, 2005. "Bank regulation and risk-taking incentives: An international comparison of bank risk," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 29(5), pages 1153-1184, May.
    37. White, Halbert, 1980. "A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 48(4), pages 817-838, May.
    38. Barth, James R. & Caprio, Gerard Jr. & Levine, Ross, 2004. "Bank regulation and supervision: what works best?," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 13(2), pages 205-248, April.
    39. Agusman, Agusman & Monroe, Gary S. & Gasbarro, Dominic & Zumwalt, J.K., 2008. "Accounting and capital market measures of risk: Evidence from Asian banks during 1998-2003," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(4), pages 480-488, April.
    40. Charles W. Calomiris & Joseph R. Mason, 2003. "Consequences of Bank Distress During the Great Depression," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 93(3), pages 937-947, June.
    41. Barry, Thierno Amadou & Lepetit, Laetitia & Tarazi, Amine, 2011. "Ownership structure and risk in publicly held and privately owned banks," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(5), pages 1327-1340, May.
    42. Chalermchatvichien, Pichaphop & Jumreornvong, Seksak & Jiraporn, Pornsit, 2014. "Basel III, capital stability, risk-taking, ownership: Evidence from Asia," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 28-46.
    43. Mr. Martin Cihak & Mr. Klaus Schaeck, 2007. "Banking Competition and Capital Ratios," IMF Working Papers 2007/216, International Monetary Fund.
    44. Calem, Paul & Rob, Rafael, 1999. "The Impact of Capital-Based Regulation on Bank Risk-Taking," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 8(4), pages 317-352, October.
    45. James R Barth & Gerard Caprio & Ross Levine, 2008. "Bank Regulations are Changing: For Better or Worse?," Comparative Economic Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Association for Comparative Economic Studies, vol. 50(4), pages 537-563, December.
    46. Yener Altunbas & Santiago Carbo & Edward P.M. Gardener & Philip Molyneux, 2007. "Examining the Relationships between Capital, Risk and Efficiency in European Banking," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 13(1), pages 49-70, January.
    47. Chaibi, Hasna & Ftiti, Zied, 2015. "Credit risk determinants: Evidence from a cross-country study," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 1-16.
    48. Syed Moudud-Ul-Huq, 2017. "Performance of banking industry in Bangladesh: Insights of CAMEL rating," International Journal of Financial Engineering (IJFE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 4(02n03), pages 1-15, June.
    49. Jacques, Kevin & Nigro, Peter, 1997. "Risk-based capital, portfolio risk, and bank capital: A simultaneous equations approach," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 49(6), pages 533-547.
    50. Fotios Pasiouras & Chrysovalantis Gaganis & Constantin Zopounidis, 2006. "The impact of bank regulations, supervision, market structure, and bank characteristics on individual bank ratings: A cross-country analysis," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 27(4), pages 403-438, December.
    51. Dietrich, Andreas & Wanzenried, Gabrielle, 2011. "Determinants of bank profitability before and during the crisis: Evidence from Switzerland," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 21(3), pages 307-327, July.
    52. Barth, James R. & Caprio, Gerard, Jr. & Levine,Ross Eric, 2008. "Bank regulations are changing : for better or worse ?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 4646, The World Bank.
    53. Shim, Jeungbo, 2013. "Bank capital buffer and portfolio risk: The influence of business cycle and revenue diversification," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(3), pages 761-772.
    54. Fadzlan Sufian & Muzafar Shah Habibullah, 2009. "Determinants of bank profitability in a developing economy: Empirical evidence from Bangladesh," Journal of Business Economics and Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 10(3), pages 207-217, April.
    55. Nguyen, Pascal, 2011. "Corporate governance and risk-taking: Evidence from Japanese firms," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 19(3), pages 278-297, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Syed Moudud-Ul-Huq, 2021. "The Impact of Business Cycle on Banks’ Capital Buffer, Risk and Efficiency: A Dynamic GMM Approach from a Developing Economy," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 22(4), pages 921-940, August.
    2. Syed Moudud-Ul-Huq & Rabaka Akter & Tanmay Biswas, 2020. "Impact of Financial Crisis on Credit Risk: Pre- and Post-financial Crises 
in an Emerging Economy," FIIB Business Review, , vol. 9(2), pages 118-132, June.
    3. Moudud-Ul-Huq, Syed & Ashraf, Badar Nadeem & Gupta, Anupam Das & Zheng, Changjun, 2018. "Does bank diversification heterogeneously affect performance and risk-taking in ASEAN emerging economies?," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 342-362.
    4. Syed Moudud-Ul-Huq, 2019. "Banks’ capital buffers, risk, and efficiency in emerging economies: are they counter-cyclical?," Eurasian Economic Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 9(4), pages 467-492, December.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Zheng, Changjun & Moudud-Ul-Huq, Syed & Rahman, Mohammad Morshedur & Ashraf, Badar Nadeem, 2017. "Does the ownership structure matter for banks’ capital regulation and risk-taking behavior? Empirical evidence from a developing country," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 404-421.
    2. Syed Moudud-Ul-Huq, 2021. "The Impact of Business Cycle on Banks’ Capital Buffer, Risk and Efficiency: A Dynamic GMM Approach from a Developing Economy," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 22(4), pages 921-940, August.
    3. repec:ipg:wpaper:2014-413 is not listed on IDEAS
    4. Moreira, Fernando, 2022. "Are we living in an illusion? A fresh look at the importance of bank capital in the quest for stability," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    5. Rahman, Mohammed Mizanur & Zheng, Changjun & Ashraf, Badar Nadeem & Rahman, Mohammad Morshedur, 2018. "Capital requirements, the cost of financial intermediation and bank risk-taking: Empirical evidence from Bangladesh," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 488-503.
    6. Faisal Abbas & Zahid Irshad Younas, 2021. "How Do Bank Capital and Capital Buffer Affect Risk: Empirical Evidence from Large US Commercial Banks," Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice, Central bank of Montenegro, vol. 10(2), pages 109-131.
    7. Syed Moudud-Ul-Huq, 2019. "Banks’ capital buffers, risk, and efficiency in emerging economies: are they counter-cyclical?," Eurasian Economic Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 9(4), pages 467-492, December.
    8. repec:spt:apfiba:v::y:2018:i::f:8_2_3 is not listed on IDEAS
    9. Changjun Zheng & Niluthpaul Sarker & Shamsun Nahar, 2018. "Factors affecting bank credit risk: An empirical insight," Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, SCIENPRESS Ltd, vol. 8(2), pages 1-3.
    10. Salma Louati & Younes Boujelbene, 2021. "Basel Regulations and Banks’ Risk-efficiency Nexus: Evidence from Dynamic Simultaneous-equation Models," Journal of African Business, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 22(4), pages 578-602, October.
    11. Dutra, Tiago M. & Teixeira, João C.A. & Dias, José Carlos, 2023. "Banking regulation and banks’ risk-taking behavior: The role of investors’ protection," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 124-148.
    12. Bitar, Mohammad & Pukthuanthong, Kuntara & Walker, Thomas, 2018. "The effect of capital ratios on the risk, efficiency and profitability of banks: Evidence from OECD countries," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 227-262.
    13. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Hsieh, Meng-Fen, 2013. "The impact of bank capital on profitability and risk in Asian banking," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 251-281.
    14. Abdul RASHID* & Muhammad KHALID**, 2018. "An Assessment Of Bank Capital Effects On Bank-Risk-Taking In Pakistan," Pakistan Journal of Applied Economics, Applied Economics Research Centre, vol. 28(2), pages 213-234.
    15. Shaofang Li, 2021. "Quality of Bank Capital, Competition, and Risk-Taking: Some International Evidence," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 57(12), pages 3455-3488, September.
    16. Afsana Yesmin, 2018. "Do competition and development indicators heterogeneously affect risk and capital? Evidence from Asian banks," International Journal of Financial Engineering (IJFE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 5(03), pages 1-18, September.
    17. Berger, Allen N. & Bouwman, Christa H.S., 2013. "How does capital affect bank performance during financial crises?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 109(1), pages 146-176.
    18. Alraheb, Tammuz H. & Nicolas, Christina & Tarazi, Amine, 2019. "Institutional environment and bank capital ratios," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 1-24.
    19. Anachit Bagntasarian & Emmanuel Mamatzakis, 2019. "Testing for the underlying dynamics of bank capital buffer and performance nexus," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 52(2), pages 347-380, February.
    20. Louhichi, Awatef & Louati, Salma & Boujelbene, Younes, 2020. "The regulations–risk taking nexus under competitive pressure: What about the Islamic banking system?," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    21. Shailesh Rastogi & Arpita Sharma & Geetanjali Pinto & Venkata Mrudula Bhimavarapu, 2022. "A literature review of risk, regulation, and profitability of banks using a scientometric study," Future Business Journal, Springer, vol. 8(1), pages 1-17, December.
    22. Rim El-Khoury, 2020. "Regulation, bank capital, and bank risk: evidence from the Lebanese banking industry," Journal of Banking Regulation, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 21(3), pages 241-255, September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wsi:ijfexx:v:04:y:2017:i:02n03:n:s2424786317500256. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Tai Tone Lim (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscinet/ijfe .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.