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Religion and authoritarianism in the Maldives: Is another authoritarian reversal in the Maldives imminent?

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  • Mosmi Bhim

Abstract

The Maldives commenced its transition to democracy after its first multiparty elections in 2008. This was challenging due to the Maldives being a Muslim nation, its authoritarian legacy of monarchical rule before independence, and by dictatorship after independence. This article analyzes the postindependence rule periods of Ibrahim Nasir and Maumoom Abdul Gayoom, which were akin to one‐man dictatorships. The third autocratic president postindependence, Abdulla Yameen, was an electoral authoritarian as he implemented authoritarian measures in a multi‐party context. I assess if religion provided political legitimacy to these authoritarian leaders or if religion was exploited by leaders to gain political support and civic spaces. Theories of authoritarianism, religious populism, electoral authoritarianism, as well as concepts of the ulema‐state alliance and the rentier state are utilized. In addition to their authoritarian legacy, democratic presidents like Mohamed Nasheed and Mohamed Solih had grappled with politicians' manipulation of religion through political Islam, Islamic nationalism, and fundamentalism to derail democracy by equating it to Westernization. These events resonate with Samuel Huntington's description of the conflict between the West and Islam as a clash of civilizations. Crimes against liberal thinkers by Islamic extremists are an added challenge. There is a real danger of another authoritarian reversal in the Maldives. 2008年,马尔代夫在进行首次多党选举后开始向民主过渡。鉴于马尔代夫是一个穆斯林国家、其独立前的君主统治产生的威权主义影响、以及独立后的独裁统治,因此这一民主化过程具有挑战性。2024年《世界事务》特刊的第五篇文章分析了马尔代夫独立后易卜拉欣·纳西尔和穆蒙·阿卜杜勒·加尧姆的统治,这类似于独裁统治。马尔代夫独立后的第三位独裁总统阿卜杜拉·亚明是一位选举独裁主义者,他在多党情境下实施了威权主义措施。本文试图评估宗教是否为独裁领导人提供了政治合法性,或者说,领导人是否利用宗教来获得政治支持和公民空间。运用了关于威权主义、宗教民粹主义和选举威权主义的理论,以及关于乌里玛‐国家联盟和食利国家的概念。除了威权主义遗产之外,穆罕默德·纳希德和穆罕默德·萨利赫等民主总统还努力应对政客对宗教的操纵(即通过政治伊斯兰、伊斯兰民族主义和原教旨主义,将民主等同于西方化,进而破坏民主)。这些事件与“塞缪尔·亨廷顿将西方与伊斯兰教之间的冲突描述为文明的冲突”相呼应。伊斯兰极端分子针对自由思想家的犯罪是另一个挑战。马尔代夫确实存在另一次专制逆转的危险。 Maldivas comenzó la transición a la democracia después de sus primeras elecciones multipartidistas en 2008. Esto fue un desafío debido a que Maldivas era una nación musulmana y su legado autoritario de gobierno monárquico antes de la independencia y de dictadura después de la independencia. Este artículo analiza el gobierno posterior a la independencia de Ibrahim Nasir y Maumoom Abdul Gayoom, que fueron similares a dictaduras unipersonales. El tercer presidente autocrático después de la independencia, Abdulla Yameen, fue un autoritario electoral al implementar medidas autoritarias en un contexto multipartidista. Evalúo si la religión proporcionó legitimidad política a los líderes autoritarios o si los líderes explotaron la religión para obtener apoyo político y espacios cívicos. Se utilizan teorías del autoritarismo, populismo religioso, autoritarismo electoral, así como conceptos de alianza ulema‐estado y estado rentista. Además de su legado autoritario, presidentes democráticos como Mohamed Nasheed y Mohamed Solih habían luchado contra la manipulación de la religión por parte de los políticos a través del Islam político, el nacionalismo islámico y el fundamentalismo para descarrilar la democracia equiparándola con la occidentalización. Estos acontecimientos resuenan con la descripción que hace Samuel Huntington del conflicto entre Occidente y el Islam como un choque de civilizaciones. Los crímenes contra pensadores liberales cometidos por extremistas islámicos son un desafío adicional. Existe un peligro real de otro retroceso autoritario en las Maldivas.

Suggested Citation

  • Mosmi Bhim, 2024. "Religion and authoritarianism in the Maldives: Is another authoritarian reversal in the Maldives imminent?," World Affairs, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 187(2), pages 187-200, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:woraff:v:187:y:2024:i:2:p:187-200
    DOI: 10.1002/waf2.12019
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