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Commentary – The Post‐Globalization Of South Asia

Author

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  • William H. Thornton
  • Songok Han Thornton

Abstract

Ironic as it may seem, one of the major victims of America's diplomatic retreat from Pakistan has been India. China has filled the void of U.S. disengagement, solidifying its grip on Pakistan and locking India in a two‐front vise that it cannot cope with on its own. India has no choice but to reach out for alliances with liberal nations it shunned in its Non‐Aligned days. This radical policy shift is capped, however, by the ideological constraints of Modi's BJPism. That is the main reason why India has refused to abort its military and economic ties with Russia. A similar anti‐liberalism led Imran Khan, the ex‐prime minister of Pakistan, to seek an anti‐Western accord with Russia. Conversely, Pakistan's current leadership is trying hard to repair its U.S. relations. Following the lead of Secretary of State Antony Blinken, this extended commentary favors robust U.S. engagement with all of South Asia but qualifies that case by stressing that the wrong kind of engagement would end up serving the cause of Sino‐authoritarianism. What is needed is moral realism, which avoids the ethical blight of both Kissingeresque realism and globalist irrealism. Pakistan is ripe for this post‐globalist realism because it affords no clean and neat “right” choices yet is far too important to abandon. Such cases compel us to search for lesser evils: the best available bad choices we can locate. Por irónico que parezca, una de las principales víctimas de la retirada diplomática de Estados Unidos de Pakistán ha sido la India. China ha llenado el vacío de la retirada de Estados Unidos, solidificando su control sobre Pakistán y encerrando a India en una situación de dos frentes que no puede afrontar por sí sola. India no tiene más remedio que buscar alianzas con naciones liberales que rechazó en su época de países no alineados. Sin embargo, este cambio radical de política se ve limitado por las limitaciones ideológicas del BJPismo de Modi. Ésa es la razón principal por la que la India se ha negado a interrumpir sus vínculos militares y económicos con Rusia. Un antiliberalismo similar llevó a Imran Khan, ex primer ministro de Pakistán, a buscar un acuerdo antioccidental con Rusia. Por el contrario, los actuales dirigentes de Pakistán se están esforzando por reparar sus relaciones con Estados Unidos. Siguiendo el ejemplo del Secretario de Estado Antony Blinken, este documento favorece un compromiso sólido de Estados Unidos con todo el sur de Asia, pero matiza ese argumento al enfatizar que un tipo de compromiso equivocado terminaría sirviendo a la causa del autoritarismo chino. Lo que se necesita es realismo moral, que evite la plaga ética tanto del realismo kissingeriano como del irrealismo globalista. Pakistán está maduro para este realismo posglobalista porque no ofrece opciones claras y “correctas” y, sin embargo, es demasiado importante para abandonarlo. Estos casos nos obligan a buscar males menores: las mejores malas decisiones disponibles que podamos localizar. 具有讽刺意味的是,印度是美国对巴基斯坦的外交退缩(diplomatic retreat)一事中的主要受害者之一。美国脱离接触所产生的空缺由中国填补,这巩固了其对巴基斯坦的控制,并将印度锁定在它无法独自应对的局面中。印度别无选择,只能与它在不结盟时代所回避的自由国家结盟。不过,这种激进的政策转变因莫迪的印度人民党主义(BJPism)的意识形态局限性而受限。这是印度拒绝中断与俄罗斯的军事联系和经济联系的主要原因。类似的反自由主义导致巴基斯坦前总理伊姆兰·汗寻求与俄罗斯达成极其危险的反西方协议。相反,巴基斯坦现任领导人正在努力修复与美国的关系。继美国国务卿安东尼·布林肯之后,本篇评论文赞成美国与整个南亚地区进行稳健的接触,但对这种情况进行了限定,即强调错误的接触方式最终会促成以中国为中心的威权主义。(我们)所需要的类似于罗伯特·卡根 (Robert Kagan) 提出的悲剧现实主义,它避免了基辛格式现实主义和全球非现实主义的道德不利因素。巴基斯坦接受这种道德现实主义的时机已经成熟,因为这种现实主义不提供简洁的“正确”选择,但又因为过于重要而不能被放弃。这种情况迫使我们寻找较少的坏处,即我们能找到的最佳可用错误选择。值得注意的是,只要中国的影响力不受挑战,民主化、人权和社会正义就不会成为巴基斯坦所考虑的议题。

Suggested Citation

  • William H. Thornton & Songok Han Thornton, 2023. "Commentary – The Post‐Globalization Of South Asia," World Affairs, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 186(4), pages 1026-1052, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:woraff:v:186:y:2023:i:4:p:1026-1052
    DOI: 10.1177/00438200231203233
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