Author
Listed:
- Gerrit S.A. Dijkstra
- Jos C.N. Raadschelders
Abstract
How difficult it is to introduce democratic institutional arrangements in a territory that had mainly experience with authoritarian government is illustrated by the case of Bosnia‐Herzegovina (BH). The Dayton Peace Accord of 1995 established the (Office of the) High Representative (OHR) to help the new republic of BH develop into a democracy. After more than 25 years, one cannot but conclude that the creation of democratic institutions has not worked for lack of collaboration between the three most important ethnic groups. At best, BH is a controlled democracy, held together by OHR. The development of this office is analyzed in terms of a neo‐institutional framework. We argue that the republic survives so far on the basis of negative legitimacy (accepting the OHR as the binding institutional arrangement). This also suggests that neither developments in a past long gone nor more recent developments (i.e., ‘strong’ path‐dependency) prohibit a development toward positive legitimacy (i.e., ‘lean’ path‐dependency). The case of BH also illustrates that democracy is hard, if not impossible, to establish when people are internally divided and where (some) domestic and international actors exploit these divisions in the international arena. El caso de Bosnia‐Herzegovina (BH) ilustra cuán difícil es introducir arreglos institucionales democráticos en un territorio que tenía principalmente experiencia con gobiernos autoritarios. El Acuerdo de Paz de Dayton de 1995 estableció la (Oficina del) Alto Representante (OHR) para ayudar a la nueva república de BH a convertirse en una democracia. Después de más de 25 años, no se puede sino concluir que la creación de instituciones democráticas no ha funcionado por falta de colaboración entre los tres grupos étnicos más importantes. En el mejor de los casos, BH es una democracia controlada, mantenida unida por la OHR. El desarrollo de la OHR se analiza en términos de un marco neoinstitucional. Argumentamos que la república sobrevive hasta ahora sobre la base de la legitimidad negativa (aceptando la OHR como el arreglo institucional vinculante); lo que también sugiere que ni los desarrollos en un pasado lejano ni los desarrollos más recientes (la dependencia de la trayectoria ‘fuerte’) prohibe un desarrollo hacia la legitimidad positiva (la dependencia de la trayectoria ‘esbelta’). El caso de BH también ilustra que la democracia es difícil, si no imposible, de establecer cuando las personas están internamente divididas y donde (algunos) actores nacionales e internacionales explotan estas divisiones en el ámbito internacional. 波黑高级代表:一个非威权主义但仍被控制的民主国家的不寻常制度安排 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那(BH,简称波黑)案例证明了将“民主制度安排引入一个主要经历过威权主义政府管理的地区”一事有多困难。1995年《代顿和平协定》在波黑建立了高级代表办事处(OHR),帮助波黑共和国发展为民主国家。超过25年过去后,不得不得出的结论是,民主制度的建立并未发挥作用,这归因于缺少三个最重要的少数民族之间的协作。波黑充其量是一个受高级代表支持的被控制的民主国家。分析了高级代表办事处在新‐制度框架方面的发展。我们论证认为,波黑目前的存在基础是负面合法性(即接受高级代表为法定的制度安排),这也暗示了过去的发展或更近期的发展(即“强化的”路径依赖)都无法禁止以正面合法性(即“弱化的”路径依赖)为方向的发展。波黑案例还证明,当人民存在内部分歧并且(一些)国内行动者和国际行动者在国际舞台中利用这些分歧时,民主则很难建立,如果不是不可能的话。
Suggested Citation
Gerrit S.A. Dijkstra & Jos C.N. Raadschelders, 2022.
"The High Representative In Bosnia‐Herzegovina,"
World Affairs, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 185(2), pages 285-311, June.
Handle:
RePEc:wly:woraff:v:185:y:2022:i:2:p:285-311
DOI: 10.1177/00438200221087971
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