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From Oligarchs To Oligarchy

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  • David Siegel

Abstract

Drawing heavily on theories about Russia's informal politics, American sanctions were designed to change Russian foreign policy by exploiting political conflict among oligarchs and the state elite; however, after nearly eight years of sanctions, Russian elites seem more united than ever. I propose that Russia's oligarchs—the ruthless self‐interested economic elite in Russia's informal political system—might sometimes act as a cohesive oligarchy, particularly when their wealth is threatened from external rather than domestic sources, as has been the case under Western sanctions. Through an in‐depth case study on the design and outcome of sanctions, this article seeks to develop a more dynamic theory of Russia's informal politics and explain the apparent cohesion among state and economic elites since 2014 as the result of a politics of wealth defense induced by Western sanctions. Basándose en gran medida en las teorías sobre la política informal de Rusia, las sanciones estadounidenses fueron diseñadas para cambiar la política exterior rusa al explotar el conflicto político entre los oligarcas y la élite estatal; Sin embargo, tras casi ocho años de sanciones, las élites rusas parecen más unidas que nunca. Propongo que los oligarcas de Rusia, la élite económica despiadada e interesada en el sistema político informal de Rusia, a veces podrían actuar como una oligarquía cohesionada, particularmente cuando su riqueza se ve amenazada por fuentes externas en lugar de nacionales, como ha sido el caso bajo las sanciones occidentales. A través de un estudio de caso en profundidad sobre el diseño y el resultado de las sanciones, este artículo busca desarrollar una teoría más dinámica de la política informal de Rusia y explicar la aparente cohesión entre el estado y las élites económicas desde 2014 como resultado de una política de defensa de la riqueza inducida por las sanciones occidentales. 美国对俄罗斯的制裁在很大程度上基于有关俄罗斯的非正式政治理论,通过在经济大亨和国家精英之间引发政治冲突,进而变革俄罗斯外交政策;不过,在近八年制裁之后,俄罗斯精英似乎比以往更为团结。我论证认为,俄罗斯的大亨—俄罗斯非正式政党制度中无情的、寻求自身利益的经济精英—有时可能扮演具有凝聚力的寡头政治集团,尤其当自身财富受到外部而非内部来源的威胁时,比如在西方制裁这一情况下。通过对关于制裁的设计和结果进行一项深度案例研究,本文试图对俄罗斯的非正式政治提出一个更动态的理论 ,并解释2014年以来国家精英和经济精英之间明显的凝聚力,这种凝聚力源于西方制裁导致的财富防御政治。

Suggested Citation

  • David Siegel, 2022. "From Oligarchs To Oligarchy," World Affairs, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 185(2), pages 249-284, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:woraff:v:185:y:2022:i:2:p:249-284
    DOI: 10.1177/00438200221094588
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