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The Neorealism And Neoliberalism Behind International Relations During Covid‐19

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  • Abdullah Alhammadi

Abstract

The literature contains much discussion on the contemporary differences between neorealism and neoliberalism, especially in the context of international relations. However there have, as yet, been limited attempts to investigate how these international relations theories fare in explaining state responses to the COVID‐19 outbreak. This study reviews the conceptual frameworks underpinning neorealism and neoliberalism and applies them to key state behaviors during the COVID‐19 outbreak. Some examples of neorealism attached to the current pandemic include: criticism of the role of the World Health Organization, the closure of international borders, international competition to collect pharmaceutical products, bans on exports, richer states protecting their national interests, the international misuse of power during emergency orders, restrictions placed on the international media, and the deployment of military forces. By contrast, neoliberalism's focus on international cooperation is noted in U.S., Chinese, and other countries’ attempts to distribute knowledge and aid internationally, as well as in the efforts of key international organizations like the World Health Organization and the global Covax initiative. I offer an evidence‐based conceptual framework using neorealism and neoliberalism to show how both have informed international behavior during the COVID‐19 outbreak—although continued emphasis on the former shows few signs of abating as the pandemic approaches its third year. La literatura contiene mucha discusión sobre las diferencias contemporáneas entre neorrealismo y neoliberalismo, especialmente en el contexto de las relaciones internacionales (RI). Sin embargo, ha habido intentos limitados de comprender la RI durante el brote de COVID‐19 utilizando los lentes del neorrealismo y el neoliberalismo. Este estudio revisa una extensa literatura sobre neorrealismo y neoliberalismo para comprender el comportamiento de los estados durante el brote de COVID‐19. Algunos ejemplos de neorrealismo adjunto a la pandemia actual incluyen críticas al papel de la Organización Mundial de la Salud el cierre de fronteras internacionales competencia internacional para recolectar productos farmacéuticos prohibiciones de exportaciones estados más ricos protegiendo sus intereses nacionales abuso de poder internacional durante órdenes de emergencia restricciones impuestas a medios internacionales y el despliegue de fuerzas militares. La originalidad y la contribución de este estudio es la construcción de un marco conceptual basado en la evidencia utilizando los enfoques del neorrealismo y el neoliberalismo para comprender las diversas perspectivas de la RI durante el brote de COVID‐19. 大量文献探讨了新现实主义和新自由主义之间的当代差别,尤其在国际关系情境下。不过,目前鲜有研究调查了这些国际关系理论如何解释各国对 2019 冠状病毒病(COVID‐19)爆发的响应。本研究审视了新现实主义和新自由主义的概念框架,并将其应用于 COVID‐19 爆发期间关键的国家行为。一些与当前大流行相关的新现实主义例证包括:批判世界卫生组织(WHO)发挥的作用、关闭国际边境、各国竞争药品、出口禁令、富裕国家保护其国家利益、各国在紧急情况命令期间滥用权力、限制国际媒体、以及部署军队。相反,新自由主义对国际合作的重视体现在美国、中国和其他国家为分配知识和援助所作的尝试,以及例如世卫组织和 2019 冠状病毒病疫苗实施计划(COVAX)倡议等关键国际组织所作的举措。我使用新现实主义和新自由主义,提出一项基于证据的概念框架,以期表明这二者如何在 COVID‐19 爆发期间影响了国际行为—尽管关于新现实主义的持续强调表明,大流行衰退迹象并不多且正在走向第三年。

Suggested Citation

  • Abdullah Alhammadi, 2022. "The Neorealism And Neoliberalism Behind International Relations During Covid‐19," World Affairs, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 185(1), pages 147-175, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:woraff:v:185:y:2022:i:1:p:147-175
    DOI: 10.1177/00438200211065128
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