Author
Abstract
This article examines the rise of leftist ideology in Ecuador and Bolivia in light of their deepening economic relations with China from 2005 to 2014. First, it reveals that market trends account for trade fluctuations but fail to explain Chinese investment in, and some loan deals with, Ecuador as well as loans to Bolivia. Second, it demonstrates how these forms of funding provided alternatives to U.S.‐led international institutions, enabling Rafael Correa and Evo Morales to steer away from Western influence. Third, it contends that four factors led to a cyclic reinforcement of Chinese economic interests and the rise of leftist ideology in Ecuador and Bolivia, namely: mutual complementarity between China's demand for energy/natural resource supply diversification and Pink Tide development agendas; U.S.–China geopolitical competition for influence in Latin America; China's experience in engaging with leftist governments from developing countries; and anti‐Americanism shaping national identity in Ecuador and Bolivia. Este artículo examina el surgimiento de la ideología de izquierda en Ecuador y Bolivia a la luz de sus relaciones económicas cada vez más profundas con China de 2005 a 2014. Primero, revela que las tendencias del mercado explican las fluctuaciones comerciales pero no explican la inversión china en, y algunos acuerdos de préstamos con, Ecuador, así como préstamos a Bolivia. En segundo lugar, demuestra cómo estas formas de financiación proporcionaron alternativas a las instituciones internacionales lideradas por Estados Unidos, lo que permitió a Rafael Correa y Evo Morales alejarse de la influencia occidental. En tercer lugar, sostiene que cuatro factores llevaron a un refuerzo cíclico de los intereses económicos chinos y al surgimiento de la ideología de izquierda en Ecuador y Bolivia, a saber: complementariedad mutua entre la demanda de China de diversificación del suministro de energía/recursos naturales y las agendas de desarrollo de la Marea Rosa; Competencia geopolítica entre Estados Unidos y China por la influencia en América Latina; La experiencia de China en la interacción con gobiernos de izquierda de países en desarrollo; y el antiamericanismo que configura la identidad nacional en Ecuador y Bolivia. 鑑於厄瓜多爾和玻利維亞從2005年到2014年與中國的經濟關係不斷加深, 本文考察了左翼意識形態的興起。首先, 它揭示了市場趨勢是貿易波動的原因, 但不能解釋中國的投資, 有些貸款涉及, 厄瓜多爾以及對玻利維亞的貸款。其次, 它展示了這些形式的資金如何為美國主導的國際機構提供替代方案, 從而使拉斐爾·科雷亞(Rafael Correa)和埃沃·莫拉萊斯(Evo Morales)擺脫西方的影響。第三, 它認為有四個因素導致中國經濟利益的周期性增強和厄瓜多爾和玻利維亞的左翼意識形態的興起, 即: 中國對能源/自然資源供應多樣化的需求與粉紅潮發展議程之間的相互補充; 中美地緣政治競爭對拉丁美洲的影響;中國與發展中國家左翼政府互動的經驗; 和反美主義塑造了厄瓜多爾和玻利維亞的民族認同。
Suggested Citation
Ivo Ganchev, 2020.
"China Pushed the Pink Tide and the Pink Tide Pulled China: Intertwining Economic Interests and Ideology in Ecuador and Bolivia (2005–2014),"
World Affairs, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 183(4), pages 359-388, December.
Handle:
RePEc:wly:woraff:v:183:y:2020:i:4:p:359-388
DOI: 10.1177/0043820020965968
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