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Countering Violent Extremism in Sub‐Saharan Africa: What Policy Makers Need to Know

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  • Robin A. Hardy

Abstract

This essay addresses recurring and growing inaccurate reports from political officials as well as counter‐terrorism analysts and journalists that the Sahara‐Sahel group Boko Haram is a defeated entity. Notwithstanding concerted efforts to rout the movement, Boko Haram and its network of jihadists have expanded. Crucial misunderstandings surrounding what fostered and sustains the phenomenon—as well as a general naivety regarding the organization's flexibility to adapt to attract combatants, financial support, and weaponry beyond Nigeria's borders—have made performing basic adequate risk assessments overwhelmingly challenging. Policy makers and CVE (Countering Violent Extremism) practitioners would be wise to recognize that not only has Boko Haram morphed but its growing affiliates also terrorize increased territory. The threat of militant Islam in the Sahara‐Sahel, therefore, has not been contained as some would have us believe. Rather, Muslim extremism has become entangled and more complex not only in Africa but across the Muslim world. When jihadists in one territory have taken a beating, surviving fighters have simply relocated to other geographies accompanied by connections for capital and munitions. In this way, Boko Haram—the fulcrum of violent Islam in the Sahara‐Sahel—has become, over time, an international jihadist actor. Este ensayo aborda informes recurrentes y cada vez más inexactos de los funcionarios políticos, así como de analistas y periodistas antiterroristas de que el grupo Sahara‐Sahel Boko Haram es una entidad derrotada. A pesar de los esfuerzos concertados para frenar el movimiento, Boko Haram y su red de yihadistas se han expandido. Los malentendidos cruciales en torno a lo que fomentó y sostiene el fenómeno, así como una ingenuidad general con respecto a la flexibilidad de la organización para adaptarse a atraer combatientes, apoyo financiero y armamento más allá de las fronteras de Nigeria, han hecho que realizar evaluaciones de riesgo básicas y básicas sea un desafío abrumadoramente. Los responsables de la formulación de políticas y los profesionales de CVE deberían reconocer que no solo Boko Haram se ha transformado, sino que sus afiliados en crecimiento aterrorizan el aumento del territorio. La amenaza del Islam militante en el Sahara‐Sahel, por lo tanto, no ha sido contenida como algunos nos harían creer. Más bien, el extremismo musulmán se ha enredado y se ha vuelto más complejo no solo en África sino en todo el mundo musulmán. Cuando los yihadistas en un territorio han sido golpeados, los combatientes sobrevivientes simplemente se han trasladado a otras geografías acompañadas de conexiones para el capital y las municiones. De esta manera, Boko Haram, el punto de apoyo del islam violento en el Sahara‐Sahel, se ha convertido, con el tiempo, en un actor internacional yihadista. 本文指出了政治家、反恐分析人士和记者日益离谱的反复报道, 该报道认为撒哈拉‐萨赫勒地区组织博科圣地 (Boko Haram) 实质已经战败。尽管各方共同致力于击溃圣战运动, 但博科圣地组织不断延伸, 圣战分子队伍不断壮大。各方对导致这一现象产生和持续的原因误解重重, 对该组织调整自身吸引战斗人士的灵活性一无所知。再加上财政支持以及尼日利亚境外的武器装备, 进行充分的基本风险评估具有极大的挑战性。决策者和CVE (打击暴力极端主义) 倡议者将会明智地意识到, 博科圣地不仅改头换面, 而且越来越多的成员组织实施恐吓, 霸占领土。因此, 伊斯兰武装分子对于撒哈拉‐萨赫勒地区造成的威胁并没有如一些人想让公众相信的那样得到遏制。相反, 穆斯林极端主义不仅在非洲变得盘根错节, 错综复杂, 而且在整个穆斯林世界也是如此。当圣战分子在一个地区发生殴打时, 幸存的战斗者能够因为资本和军火的关系转移到其他地区。长此以往, 博科圣地——撒哈拉‐萨赫勒地区暴力伊斯兰教的支点——已成为一股国际圣战力量。

Suggested Citation

  • Robin A. Hardy, 2019. "Countering Violent Extremism in Sub‐Saharan Africa: What Policy Makers Need to Know," World Affairs, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 182(3), pages 256-272, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:woraff:v:182:y:2019:i:3:p:256-272
    DOI: 10.1177/0043820019862270
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