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Moral Hazard: It's the Supply Side, Stupid!

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  • Rachel Kreier

Abstract

In health care markets, moral hazard is conventionally viewed as a demand‐side phenomenon in which insurance causes patients to use more care because it reduces the price they have to pay for care. However, demand‐side moral hazard cannot explain why U.S. per capita health care costs are much higher than those of countries with universal coverage and lower out‐of‐pocket charges. Instead, blame rests with a phenomenon that may be called supply‐side moral hazard, which occurs when third‐party payment removes the constraints the demand curve would otherwise exert over the prices providers charge, and the quantity of expensive services they can sell. Public institutions are better positioned than private entities to address supply‐side moral hazard. This helps explain why the other wealthy democracies—both those with single‐payer systems, like Canada, and those with multipayer systems and all‐payer procedures for setting provider rates, like Germany and Switzerland—spend much less per capita than the United States. Although managed care achieved some success in controlling U.S. provider prices in the 1990s, in the longer term, it motivated increasing market concentration among providers, which vitiated cost control. Furthermore, managed care exacerbates inequity and complexity, problems that public price regulation avoids. El riesgo moral del lado de la demanda no puede explicar por qué los costos de atención de salud per cápita de los Estados Unidos son mucho más altos que los de los países con cobertura universal y con gastos de bolsillo más bajos. En cambio, la culpa se debe a un fenómeno que puede denominarse riesgo moral del lado de la oferta, que se produce cuando el pago de un tercero elimina las restricciones que la curva de demanda ejercería sobre los precios de los proveedores. Las instituciones públicas están mejor posicionadas que las entidades privadas para abordar el riesgo moral del lado de la oferta. Esta es la razón por la que las otras democracias ricas, tanto las que tienen sistemas de un solo pagador, como Canadá, como las que tienen sistemas de múltiples contribuyentes y todos los contribuyentes, como en Alemania y Suiza, gastan mucho menos que los Estados Unidos. Si bien la atención administrada logró cierto éxito en el control de los precios de los proveedores en los EE. UU. En la década de 1990, a largo plazo, motivó el aumento de la concentración en el mercado entre los proveedores, lo que perjudicó el control de costos. Además, la atención administrada exacerba la inequidad y la complejidad, que son problemas que evita la regulación pública de precios. 需求侧的道德风险无法解释为什么美国的人均医疗成本要远远高于全民医保覆盖和较低自付医疗费用的国家。究其原因,可能是一种被称为供给侧道德风险的现象,这种风险发生在第三方支付消除了需求曲线本来会对供应商价格造成的约束时。与私人实体相比,公共机构在解决供应方道德风险方面处于更有利的地位。这就是为什么其他富裕的民主国家,无论是加拿大这样实行单一支付方体系的国家抑或诸如德国和瑞士之类那些拥有多支付方体系和平等支付体系的国家,都比美国花在医疗上的费用更少。虽然健康管理在上世纪90年代在控制美国供应商价格方面取得了一些成功,但从长期来看,它加剧了供应商之间的市场集中度,从而损害了成本控制。此外,健康管理加剧了不平等性和复杂性,而公共价格管制则避免了这些问。

Suggested Citation

  • Rachel Kreier, 2019. "Moral Hazard: It's the Supply Side, Stupid!," World Affairs, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 182(2), pages 205-223, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:woraff:v:182:y:2019:i:2:p:205-223
    DOI: 10.1177/0043820019841436
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