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Climate change and ecosystem services

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  • Robert J. Scholes

Abstract

Studies of the impacts of climate change cover three broad areas: direct effects on humans, their enterprises, and assets; effects on natural systems; and effects on humans via natural systems. ‘Ecosystem services’ fall into the latter category. Future climates continue to allow ecosystem services to be delivered and consumed, in some cases at a level greater than in the past, and in others degraded relative to their historic supply. Across a wide range of ecosystem services, the losses exceed the gains for magnitudes and rates of climate change projected under low‐mitigation scenarios. On balance, global mean temperature (GMT) rises greater than 2°C above preindustrial have a spatially patchy but net negative effect on many ecosystem services. The negative impacts occur in many places and affect most people. This apparent asymmetry of impact is hypothesized to have three causes: the rapidity of climate change relative to adaptive processes in social and ecological systems; the exposure of societies to climates not experienced during the period over which complex, agriculturally dependent human societies developed; and the approach toward limits in the Earth system. Covariates of climate change—especially rising atmospheric carbon dioxide and ongoing land transformation—are an inextricable part of the projected loss of services in the coming century and the projected shortfall between supply and demand is strongly demand‐driven. The geographical distributions of ecosystem service supply and demand are unequal, and becoming more so. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:537–550. doi: 10.1002/wcc.404 This article is categorized under: Climate, Ecology, and Conservation > Observed Ecological Changes

Suggested Citation

  • Robert J. Scholes, 2016. "Climate change and ecosystem services," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 7(4), pages 537-550, July.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:wirecc:v:7:y:2016:i:4:p:537-550
    DOI: 10.1002/wcc.404
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    Cited by:

    1. Yan, Haiming & Yang, Huicai & Guo, Xiaonan & Zhao, Shuqin & Jiang, Qun'ou, 2022. "Payments for ecosystem services as an essential approach to improving ecosystem services: A review," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 201(C).
    2. Serrao-Neumann, Silvia & Schuch, Gemma & Cox, Melanie & Low Choy, Darryl, 2019. "Scenario planning for climate change adaptation for natural resource management: Insights from the Australian East Coast Cluster," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 1-1.
    3. Tugjamba, Navchaa & Walkerden, Greg, 2021. "Traditional and modern ecosystem services thinking in nomadic Mongolia: Framing differences, common concerns, and ways forward," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    4. Lamentillo, Anna Mae Yu, 2024. "A price tag on pollution: the case on carbon pricing," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 122913, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    5. Friedrich Scherzinger & Martin Schädler & Thomas Reitz & Rui Yin & Harald Auge & Ines Merbach & Christiane Roscher & W Stanley Harpole & Evgenia Blagodatskaya & Julia Siebert & Marcel Ciobanu & Fabian, 2024. "Sustainable land management enhances ecological and economic multifunctionality under ambient and future climate," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-17, December.
    6. Nunes, Gustavo & Giglio, Thalita, 2022. "Effects of climate change in the thermal and energy performance of low-income housing in Brazil—assessing design variable sensitivity over the 21st century," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    7. Liu Yang & Hongzan Jiao, 2022. "Spatiotemporal Changes in Ecosystem Services Value and Its Driving Factors in the Karst Region of China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-21, May.

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