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Inequality and growth in Portugal: A reappraisal for the period 1986–2017

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  • Miguel Fernandes
  • João S. Andrade
  • Adelaide Duarte
  • Marta Simões

Abstract

This paper investigates the inequality‐growth nexus for Portugal over the period 1986–2017. Portugal is a country that has recorded a decelerating growth trajectory together with high levels of inequality, coupled with relatively low levels of human capital and productivity. We compute different measures of earnings inequality using microdata from the Quadros de Pessoal database and use them to estimate VAR and SVAR A‐B models with four variables (human capital, inequality, investment, and output) to empirically assess the sign of the relationship between inequality and growth, as well as the underlying mechanisms of transmission. The results from the impulse response analysis indicate that a shock to inequality has a negative impact on growth and on human capital availability, as well as an initial negative impact on investment which eventually becomes positive. The evidence found highlights the human capital, savings, and domestic demand channels as good candidates to explain the relationship between inequality and growth in Portugal. 出现了许多与平台如何缓和和减轻“伤害”有关的问题。尽管平台最近针对“仇恨言论”和“有害内容”的构成制定了更明确的政策，但似乎平台经常使用与壮观的身体暴力特别相关的主观伤害判断——但伤害具有多种形式和复杂性形式。在这些平台中定义“伤害”和“暴力”的政治是复杂和动态的，并且代表了对这些定义的控制如何延伸到人们对它们的看法的根深蒂固的历史。通过对来自三个主要平台（Facebook、Twitter 和 YouTube）的政策文件的批判性话语分析，我们认为平台对伤害和暴力的狭隘定义不仅不够，而且导致这些平台参与了一种象征性的暴力形式。此外，平台将伤害定位为一个浮动的能指，不仅强加关于暴力是什么以及它如何表现的概念，还强加了它影响的人的概念。这些平台并没有改变造成伤害的设计机制，而是重新配置意图和因果关系，以试图阻止用户“有害”，具有讽刺意味的是，这会使伤害永久化。我们提供了一些建议，即以恢复性司法为重点的方法来解决平台损害。 Han surgido varios problemas relacionados con la forma en que las plataformas moderan y mitigan el "daño". Aunque las plataformas han desarrollado recientemente políticas más explícitas con respecto a lo que constituye "discurso de odio" y "contenido dañino", parece que las plataformas a menudo usan juicios subjetivos de daño que se relacionan específicamente con la violencia física espectacular, pero el daño toma muchas formas y complejos. formularios Las políticas de definición de “daño” y “violencia” dentro de estas plataformas son complejas y dinámicas, y representan historias arraigadas de cómo el control sobre estas definiciones se extiende a las percepciones que la gente tiene de ellas. A través de un análisis crítico del discurso de los documentos de políticas de tres plataformas principales (Facebook, Twitter y YouTube), argumentamos que las definiciones limitadas de daño y violencia de las plataformas no solo son insuficientes sino que dan como resultado que estas plataformas se involucren en una forma de violencia simbólica. Además, las plataformas posicionan el daño como un significante flotante, imponiendo conceptos no solo de qué es la violencia y cómo se manifiesta, sino también a quién impacta. En lugar de cambiar los mecanismos de su diseño que permiten el daño, las plataformas reconfiguran la intencionalidad y la causalidad para tratar de evitar que los usuarios sean "perjudiciales", lo que, irónicamente, perpetúa el daño. Brindamos una serie de sugerencias, a saber, un enfoque centrado en la justicia restaurativa, para abordar el daño de la plataforma.

Suggested Citation

  • Miguel Fernandes & João S. Andrade & Adelaide Duarte & Marta Simões, 2022. "Inequality and growth in Portugal: A reappraisal for the period 1986–2017," Poverty & Public Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 14(1), pages 25-49, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:povpop:v:14:y:2022:i:1:p:25-49
    DOI: 10.1002/pop4.330
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