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Morphology and surface structures of Maxwell Creek rock glaciers, St Elias mountains, Yukon: rheological implications

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  • P. G. Johnson

Abstract

The dominant role of mass movement processes in the formation of south‐west Yukon paraglacial landscapes is exemplified by a tributary of Maxwell Creek. Rock glaciers occur along most of the length of the mid‐valley. Two large rock glaciers flowing from cirques on the east and west sides of the valley are confluent in the centre of the valley, and have a combined lobe extending 1 km downvalley. Morphological contrasts between the moraines and flow lobes of the east form, and the flow ridges of the west form, indicate different processes of movement at the surface. Sections in the surface deposits indicate movement of the mass of material in the lobes but demonstrate a combination of overriding and compression flow in the ridges. Near surface composition varies from large boulders with voids, to boulders with gravel and fines matrix and with the ice content varying from interstitial to massive infilling of the voids. Palaeosols sampled 1 m underneath overriding ridges were dated at 1480 and 660 a BP. The rock glaciers produced a combined central valley landform at the end of the Wisconsin. Neoglacial activity resulted only in confluence of the rock glaciers, without extension downvalley. The combination of the compressional and overriding ridges with the variability of the sediments and ice content is indicative of a complex surface rheology. Comparison with the ridges and lobes of rock glaciers in other valleys suggests that this surface variability is common on the rock glaciers of the southwest Yukon. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Un tributaire du Maxwell Creek dans le sud‐ouest du Yukon permet de montrer le rôle dominant des mouvements de masse et spécialement des glaciers rocheux, dans la formation des paysages paraglaciaires. Deux grands glaciers rocheux s'écoulant depuis des cirques situés à l'est et à l'ouest de la vallée, confluent au centre de celle‐ci, et forment un seul lobe qui s'étend sur 1 km. Les contrastes morphologiques qui existent entre la forme orientale, et la forme occidentale indiquent des mouvements différents à la surface. Des coupes dans les dépôts établissent l'existence de mouvements dans la masse de matériaux des lobes, mais démontrent une combinaison d'écoulements par compression et de masses chevauchantes dans les rides. Près de la surface, la composition varie depuis des gros blocs sans matrice jusqu'à des gros blocs entourés de graviers et de matériaux fins. La glace contenue dans ces glaciers rocheux comprend de la glace interstitielle comme des remplissages massifs. Des paléosols échantillonnés 1 m sous les rides chevauchantes ont été datés de 1480 et 660 ans BP. Les glaciers rocheux ont produit une forme centrale dans l'axe de la vallée à la fin du Wisconsinien. L'activité néoglaciaire a seulement provoqué la confluence des glaciers rocheux sans qu'ils se prolongent vers l'aval de la vallée. La variabilité des sédiments et du contenu en glace, ainsi que la combinaison des rides de compression et de masses chevauchantes, indiquent une rhéologie de surface complexe. La comparaison avec les rides et les lobes des glaciers rocheux dans d'autres vallées suggère que cette variabilité de surface est commune à tous les glaciers rocheux du sudouest du Yukon. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Suggested Citation

  • P. G. Johnson, 1998. "Morphology and surface structures of Maxwell Creek rock glaciers, St Elias mountains, Yukon: rheological implications," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 9(1), pages 57-70, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:perpro:v:9:y:1998:i:1:p:57-70
    DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(199801/03)9:13.0.CO;2-G
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