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Active layer thermal regime at three rock glaciers in Greenland

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  • Ole Humlum

Abstract

Active layer temperature measurements are described from three active rock glaciers in Greenland: two in central‐west Greenland, and one in north‐east Greenland. Two of the rock glaciers are talus‐derived and one is glacier‐derived. The thermal characteristics of the very coarse‐grained active layer on the rock glaciers are described and compared with the thermal characteristics of other types of active layer. No significant differences between the active layer on talus‐derived rock glaciers and the analogue surface layer on glacier‐derived rock glaciers were found. Conductive as well as non‐conductive heat transfer processes appear to be important in the active layer on both rock glacier types. In particular, phenomena such as wind pumping and refreezing of percolating surface melt water may temporarily provide conditions for rapid, non‐conductive heat transfer processes. Different surface roughnesses, such as represented by the typical rock fragment size, could further contribute towards different degrees of active layer ventilation. The calculated apparent diffusivity varies considerably during the year, apparently on a seasonal basis. Meteorological controls on this variation are discussed, and thus the environmental controls on rock glacier formation. In general, it appears that the coarse surface layer on rock glaciers acts as a thermal filter, protecting the permanently frozen rock glacier core when snow cover is absent or thin, and conversely when thick snow cover is present. This may explain why rock glaciers tend to be especially frequent in dry, continental areas, and less so in humid areas. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Des mesures de la température de la couche active ont été réalisées dans trois glaciers rocheux du Groenland, deux étant localisés dans le centre ouest du Groenland et le troisième dans le nord‐est. Deux de ces glaciers rocheux proviennent de l'évolution de talus d'éboulis, tandis que le troisième provient de l'évolution d'un glacier. Les caractéristiques thermiques de la très grossière couche active des glaciers rocheux sont décrites et comparées aux caractéristiques thermiques des autres types de couches actives. Aucune différence significative entre la couche active de ces glaciers rocheux d'origine différente n'a été observée. Les processus de transfert de la chaleur par conduction et par d'autres voies, sont apparues comme importants dans la couche active des deux types de glaciers. Spécialement, des phénomènes tels que le pompage par le vent et le regel d'eaux de fonte percolant depuis la surface, peuvent fournir temporairement des conditions de transfert rapides de chaleur par des phénomènes qui ne sont pas de conduction. Des rugosités différentes de la surface, telle qu'elles sont induites par des différences de taille des fragments de roche, peuvent contribuer à établir différents degrés de ventilation de la couche active. La diffusivité apparente calculée varie considérablement pendant l'année selon un rythme saisonnier. Des contrôles météorologiques de cette variation sont discutés et, à partir de là, sont considérés des contrôles environnementaux de la formation des glaciers rocheux. En général, il apparaît que la couche de surface grossière qui existe sur les glaciers rocheux intervient comme un filtre thermique qui protège le noyau toujours gelé quand la couverture de neige est absente ou faible; elle joue un rôle inverse quand une couche épaisse de neige est présente. Ceci pourrait expliquer pourquoi les glaciers rocheux ont tendance a être spécialement fréquent dans des régions sèches continentales et l'être beaucoup moins dans des régions humides. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Suggested Citation

  • Ole Humlum, 1997. "Active layer thermal regime at three rock glaciers in Greenland," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 8(4), pages 383-408, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:perpro:v:8:y:1997:i:4:p:383-408
    DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(199710/12)8:43.0.CO;2-V
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