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The Hydrologic Analysis and Modelling of River Icing Growth, North Fork Pass, Yukon Territory, Canada

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  • Xiaogang Hu
  • Wayne H. Pollard

Abstract

River icings are common hydrologic phenomena in Arctic and sub‐Arctic watersheds where their seasonal redistribution of water resources and impact on engineering structures such as highways, bridges, culverts and pipelines have long been recognized. The mechanics of icing formation, however, are still not fully understood. This paper documents river icing processes in the North Fork Pass area of northern Yukon Territory and proposes a simulation model based on water balance. The model divides river icing formation into three stages: ‘freeze‐up’, which involves the initial formation of an ice cover; ‘obstruction’, where the channel experiences constricted flow due to increasing ice thickness; and ‘overflow’, which corresponds to the period when overflow is the dominant feature of the process. Icing growth involves different hydraulic and mechanical processes during each of the three stages. In this paper, some of the important processes and phenomena including river icing location, the damming effect of the icing ice, the role of ice cover fractures, and the dynamic processes of icing‐layer development, are discussed. The three‐stage model is tested using field data, and is used to simulate the dynamics of river icing growth under different levels of initial stream discharge. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Les glaçages de rivière sont des phénomènes hydrologiques de l'Arctique et du Subarctique qui déterminent une redistribution saisonnière des ressources en eau et ont un impact sur les routes, les ponts, les fossés et les pipelines. Les mécanismes de formation des glaçages ne sont toutefois pas clairement compris. Le présent article apporte des informations sur les processus formant les glaçages de la région du ‘North Fork Pass’ dans le Territoire du Yukon et propose un modèle de simulation. Le modèle considère trois étapes dans la formation du glaçage: ‘la prise par le gel’ qui est responsible de la première apparition d'une couverture de glace, ‘l'obstruction’ pendant laquelle le chenal présente un écoulement rétréci du fait de l'accroissement d'épaisseur de la glace, et le ‘débordement’ qui correspond à la période ou les débordements constituent les principaux éléments due processus. Le développement des glaçages implique différents processus hydrauliques et mécaniques pendant chacune des trois étapes présentées ci‐dessus. Dans le présent article, la localisation du glaçage, le rôle de barrage de la glace, le rôle des fractures de la couverture de glace et les processus dynamiques du développement des couches de glace sont discutés. Ce modèle en trois étapes est testé d'après des données de terrain et est utilisé pour simuler la dynamique de croissance du glaçage pour différents débits du cours d'eau au début du phénomène. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Suggested Citation

  • Xiaogang Hu & Wayne H. Pollard, 1997. "The Hydrologic Analysis and Modelling of River Icing Growth, North Fork Pass, Yukon Territory, Canada," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 8(3), pages 279-294, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:perpro:v:8:y:1997:i:3:p:279-294
    DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(199709)8:33.0.CO;2-7
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    Cited by:

    1. Timothy Ensom & Olga Makarieva & Peter Morse & Douglas Kane & Vladimir Alekseev & Philip Marsh, 2020. "The distribution and dynamics of aufeis in permafrost regions," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 31(3), pages 383-395, July.
    2. Weibo Liu & Richard Fortier & John Molson & Jean‐Michel Lemieux, 2021. "A conceptual model for talik dynamics and icing formation in a river floodplain in the continuous permafrost zone at Salluit, Nunavik (Quebec), Canada," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 32(3), pages 468-483, July.

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