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Ground Icing Formation: Experimental and Statistical Analyses of the Overflow Process

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  • Xiaogang Hu
  • Wayne H. Pollard

Abstract

Icings are common hydrological phenomena in sub‐Arctic regions. These formations are supported by ground water seepage (ground icings), perennial springs (spring icings) and stream discharge (river icings). Although water is continuously supplied during the growth period, variations in icing topography cause the flooding areas to constantly shift, resulting in discontinuous growth at any specific location. In order to investigate the stochastic properties of this process, a field experiment was conducted under natural climatic conditions in which a series of overflow events was simulated. Autocorrelation analysis of both the time and space series shows that: (1) over time, there is no significant relationship between icing accumulation of current time and an earlier time step (20 minutes) for a single location; and (2) over the icing surface, the simultaneous accumulation can only occur over a very limited distance (60 cm). Using multiple regression analysis, it is further shown that the mean spreading length of icing layers during an overflow event is mainly controlled by five variables: discharge, water temperature, the product of mean air temperature and wind speed, air temperature, and slope of the icing surface prior to overflow. This analysis provides evidence that the maximum spreading length and the location of maximum icing deposition are determined by different sets of independent variables: the former being dependent on the first four of the above variables, and the latter being determined by time, water temperature, the product of air temperature and wind speed, and the slope of the icing surface. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Les glaçages sont des phénomènes hydrologiques communs dans les régions subarctiques. Ces formations apparaissent par suintements d'eau du sol (glaçage de sol), par des sources perennes (glaçages de sources) et par des écoulements de cours d'eau (glaçages de cours d'eau). Bien que l'eau soit constamment fournie pendant la période de croissance, des variations dans la topographie du glaçage entraînent un déplacement constant des régions inondées, et en une croissance discontinue en chaque endroit. Pour rechercher les propriétés stochastiques de ce processus, une expérience de terrain a été conduite sous des conditions climatiques naturelles pendant laquelle une série d'évènements de débordements ont été simulés. Une analyse par auto‐corrélation des séries dans l'espace et le temps a montré que: 1) au cours du temps, il n'y a aucune relation significative entre l'accumulation de glace à un moment donné et celle qui s'est produite lors d'un pas de temps antérieur (20 minutes); 2) sur la surface du glaçage, une accumulation simultanée ne peut se produire que sur des distances très limitées (60 cm). En utilisant une équation de régression multiple, il a été montré que la longueur moyenne d'étalement des couches de glace pendant un évènement d'écoulement est principalement contrôlée par 5 variables: le débit, la température de l'eau, le produit de la température de l'air moyenne et de la vitesse du vent, la température de l'air et la pente du glaçage avant l'inondation. Cette analyse établit que la longueur maximum d'étalement et la localisation du dépôt le plus important de glace sont déterminées par différentes variables indépendantes: la longueur maximum d'étalement dépend des quatre premières variables citées ci‐dessus, tandis que la localisation de l'épaisseur maximum de dépôt est déterminée par le temps, la température de l'eau, le produit de la température de l'air par le vent et la pente de la surface de glaçage. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Suggested Citation

  • Xiaogang Hu & Wayne H. Pollard, 1997. "Ground Icing Formation: Experimental and Statistical Analyses of the Overflow Process," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 8(2), pages 217-235, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:perpro:v:8:y:1997:i:2:p:217-235
    DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(199732)8:23.0.CO;2-1
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    Cited by:

    1. Weibo Liu & Richard Fortier & John Molson & Jean‐Michel Lemieux, 2021. "A conceptual model for talik dynamics and icing formation in a river floodplain in the continuous permafrost zone at Salluit, Nunavik (Quebec), Canada," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 32(3), pages 468-483, July.

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