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Monitoring of Periglacial Slope Processes in the Swiss Alps: the First Two Years of Frost Shattering, Heave and Creep

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  • Norikazu Matsuoka
  • Kazuomi Hirakawa
  • Teiji Watanabe
  • Kiichi Moriwaki

Abstract

A synthetic monitoring system was developed in an attempt to evaluate geomorphic processes acting on periglacial rock and debris slopes in the Swiss Alps. The measured parameters include rock joint widening, soil heave and creep, and associated variables. Data loggers provide year‐round records of these parameters. Observations for the first two years highlight rock weathering and soil movement caused by frost action. Rock temperature data demonstrate that the southern exposures and north‐facing ridges experience multiple diurnal freeze–thaw cycles, while north‐facing rockwalls are dominated by the seasonal freeze–thaw action. This contrast may account for the spatial variability in the size of rock debris released from rockwalls. Considerable amounts of joint widening were recorded at the onset of seasonal thawing, when meltwater percolated downward into the frozen bedrock. This observation emphasizes that moisture availability controls to a large degree the magnitude of frost action. Diurnal frost heave and creep prevail on crest debris slopes, while basal debris slopes experience large frost heave during seasonal freezing and thawing. Such a variation in the type of soil movement corresponds to the landform transition from small sorted stripes that predominate on the crest slopes to solifluction lobes on the basal slopes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Un système synthétique d'enregistrement a été développé pour évaluer les processus géomorphologiques actifs sur des pentes périglaciaires formées de roches et de débris. Les paramètres mesurés comprennent l'élargissement des joints, le soulèvement par le gel, le creep et des variables associées. Des enregistreurs de données ont fourni des enregistrements de ces paramètres pendant plusieurs années. Les observations des deux premières années ont souligné l'action de l'altération et des mouvements de sol causés par l'action du gel. Les enregistrements de température démontrent que, dans les endroits exposés au sud, se produisent de multiples cycles de gel‐dégel, tandis que les pentes rocheuses exposées au nord subissent seulement l'action des gels‐dégels saisonniers. Ce contraste peut rendre compte de la variation spatiale de la dimension des débris détachés des parois rocheuses. Des valeurs considérables d'élargissement des joints sont attribuées au dégel saisonnier quand de l'eau de fonte percole dans le substratum gelé. Cette observation démontre que la quantité d'eau disponible contrôle grandement l'importance de l'action du gel. Les soulèvements par le gel diurne et l'action du creep sont les processus les plus importants sur les pentes sommitales couvertes de débris tandis que la partie inférieure des mêmes pentes subissent d'importants soulèvements pendant le gel et dégel saisonnier. Une telle variation dans le type de mouvement du sol correspond à la transition entre les petits sols striés triés qui prédominent sur les crètes, et les lobes de solifluxion qui existent à la partie inférieure des pentes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Suggested Citation

  • Norikazu Matsuoka & Kazuomi Hirakawa & Teiji Watanabe & Kiichi Moriwaki, 1997. "Monitoring of Periglacial Slope Processes in the Swiss Alps: the First Two Years of Frost Shattering, Heave and Creep," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 8(2), pages 155-177, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:perpro:v:8:y:1997:i:2:p:155-177
    DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(199732)8:23.0.CO;2-N
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