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Identification of heat‐transfer processes during soil cooling, freezing, and thaw in central alaska

Author

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  • Kenneth M. Hinkel
  • Samuel I. Outcalt

Abstract

Hourly time series of temperature and a surrogate measure of the soil water ionic (solute) concentration were obtained in the upper 50 cm of soil from two adjacent sites in central Alaska from August 1991 to May 1992. One site is located in a ground water seepage zone and is characterized by seasonal freezing of the upper soil. The other site is located over a body of permafrost. The time series, used simultaneously, display a unique signature diagnostic of the operative conductive and non‐conductive heat‐transfer process. During soil cooling in autumn, internal distillation (concurrent evaporation, vertical transport, and condensation of water vapour in soil column) moderates heat transfer in the active layer. A [zero curtain] develops in winter and persists for three months; maintenance of this isothermal layer is associated with water advection and internal distillation within the unfrozen zone. Conductive heat transfer is not possible in the isothermal layer during this period but dominates during late winter following soil freezing and closure of the zero curtain. Warming of the active layer in spring occurs nearly instantaneously and results from infiltration of snow cover meltwater and downward vapour migration. In contrast, water saturation of pore space at the seepage site inhibits vertical migration of vapour and water. Des séries de mesures horaires de température et aussi de la concentration ionique de l'eau du sol ont été enregistrées d'aoǔt 1991 à mai 1992 dans les 50 cm supérieurs du sol de deux sites proches l'un de l'autre au centre de l'Alaska. Un site d'observation est localisé en un endroit où suinte de l'eau du sol et est caracterisé par un gel saisonnier du sol supérieur. Un autre site est au dessus d'un ǐlot de pergélisol. Les observations recueillies simultanément dans les deux endroits montrent une seule signature diagnostique d'un processus actif de transfert de chaleur par conduction ou autrement. Pendant le refroidissement du sol en automne, une distillation interne (comprenant une évaporation, un transfert vertical et la condensation de la vapeur d'eau) a pour effet de modérer la transfert de chaleur dans la couche active. Une période zéro se développe en hiver et persiste pendant 3 mois; la conservation de cette couche isotherme est associée avec l'appel d'eau et une distillation d'eau depuis la zone non gelée. Un transfert de chaleur par conduction n'est pas possible pendant cette période dans le couche isotherme mais domine plus tard en hiver après le gel complet du sol et la disparition de la zone zéro.

Suggested Citation

  • Kenneth M. Hinkel & Samuel I. Outcalt, 1994. "Identification of heat‐transfer processes during soil cooling, freezing, and thaw in central alaska," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 5(4), pages 217-235, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:perpro:v:5:y:1994:i:4:p:217-235
    DOI: 10.1002/ppp.3430050403
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