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Glaciological constraints on protalus rampart development

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  • Colin K. Ballantyne
  • Douglas I. Benn

Abstract

The growth of protalus ramparts is self‐limiting, as progressive thickening of a firn field will increase basal shear stress, encouraging creep of ice and basal sliding, and thus cause the transformation of stationary firn into a small glacier with consequent destruction or modification of the rampart. Modelling of the threshold conditions under which significant movement of the firn field begins indicates that the maximum distance between the rampart crest and the talus foot upslope cannot exceed c. 30–70 m, the limiting value being dependent on the gradient of the firn field. This finding implies that ridges or ramps of debris lying at greater distances from the talus foot cannot be [true] protalus ramparts formed by debris descending an essentially stationary firn field, and hence that many landforms previously described as protalus ramparts have been misinterpreted. Modelling of the limiting conditions for gravitational transport of debris suggests that clasts may continue to reach the front of a steep incipient glacier even after ice movement has been initiated, at least until the toe of the ice reaches a position 85–125 m from the talus foot. This implies the possible existence of [protalus moraines] whose form is influenced by moving ice, yet which continue to receive a supply of debris by direct gravitational transport across the ice surface. La possibilité de croissance des moraines de névé est limitée d'elle‐měme par l'épaississement progressif du champ de neige qui, en augmentant la force de cisaillement basale et favorisant le creep dans la masse, entraǐne la transformation d'une masse de neige immobile en un petit glacier qui détruit ou modifie le rempart. La modélisation des conditions de déclenchement des mouvements dans la masse de neige, indique que la distance maximum entre le sommet de la moraine de névé et le pied du talus d'éboulis, ne peut pas excéder une valeur de l'ordre de 30–70 m, valeur déterminée par la pente du champ de neige. Ce résultat implique que les rides ou rampes de débris qui se trouvent à des distances plus grandes, ne peuvent pas ětre de vraies moraines de névé formées de débris descendus sur une plaque de neige essentiellement immobile; en conséquence beaucoup de morphologies qui ont été décrites comme des moraines de névé, ont été mal interprétées. La modélisation des conditions limites pour le transport des débris par gravité suggère que les fragments de roche peuvent continuer à atteindre le front d'un glacier en train de se former, au moins jusqu'à ce que le pied de laglace se trouve à une distance de 85–125 m du sommet de l'accumulation neigeuse. Ceci implique l'existence possible de [protalus moraines] dont la forme est influencée par le déplacement de la glace, mais qui ont pu recevoir une alimentation en débris par transport direct sur la surface de glace.

Suggested Citation

  • Colin K. Ballantyne & Douglas I. Benn, 1994. "Glaciological constraints on protalus rampart development," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 5(3), pages 145-153, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:perpro:v:5:y:1994:i:3:p:145-153
    DOI: 10.1002/ppp.3430050304
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