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Relict periglacial features east of waterton‐glacier parks, alberta and montana, and their palaeoclimatic significance

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  • Eric T. Karlstrom

Abstract

Stratigraphy and inferred genesis of relict periglacial features east of Waterton‐Glacier Parks provide information on the magnitude of Quaternary climate changes. Periglacial wedges, involutions, patterned ground and soil wedges are locally preserved in pre‐Wisconsinan outwash/ alluvium and till on a series of erosion surfaces east of the Lewis Range mountain front and in Wisconsinan outwash near Cutbank, Montana. Formation of periglacial wedges required development of perennially frozen ground and mean annual temperatures at least about 10°C below those of today. All the observed relict periglacial features occur within about 20 km of Wisconsinan glacier margins. Strongly weathered, 2+ m thick, pre‐Illinoian palaeosols, also preserved locally on the erosion surfaces, are truncated and/or completely stripped in the areas most affected by cryoturbation. Hence, most of the periglacial features postdate the palaeosols. Stratigraphic and geomorphic relations suggest that the periglacial features formed during at least three glacial/periglacial episodes, probably including the Wisconsinan, Illinoian and a pre‐Illinoian glaciation. La stratigraphie et la genèse supposée des phénomènes périglaciaires fossiles à l'est des pares ‘Waterton glaciers’ fournissent des informations sur l'importance des changements climatiques quaternaires. Des coins périglaciaires, des involutions, des sols structuraux et des coins à remplissage minéral primaire sont localement préservés dans des alluvions d'outwash et des dépǒts glaciaires pré‐wisconsiniens sur une série de surfaces d'érosion à l'est du front montagneux de Lewis Range et dans des dépǒts d'outwash près de Cut‐bank, dans le Montana. La formation de fentes de gel à remplissage de glace nécessite le développement d'un pergélisol et des températures moyennes annuelles inférieures d'au moins 10°C à celles d'aujourd'hui. Tous les phénomènes périglaciaires fossiles se trouvent dans une marge d'environ 20 km en bordure du glacier wisconsinien. Des paléosols préillinoiens, fortement altérés et épais de plus de 2 m, préservés aussi localement sur des surfaces d'érosion, sont tronqués et/ou complètement enlevés dans les régions les plus affectées par la géliturlation. Ce fait démontre que la majorité des phénomènes périglaciaires se sont produits après la formation des paléosols. La stratigraphie et les relations géomorphologiques suggèrent que les phénomènes périglaciaires se sont formés pendant au moins trois épisodes glaciaires/périglaciaires, comprenant probablement le Wisconsinein, l'Illinoien, et une période glaciaire pré‐Illinoien.

Suggested Citation

  • Eric T. Karlstrom, 1990. "Relict periglacial features east of waterton‐glacier parks, alberta and montana, and their palaeoclimatic significance," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 1(3‐4), pages 221-234, July.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:perpro:v:1:y:1990:i:3-4:p:221-234
    DOI: 10.1002/ppp.3430010303
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