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Composition, flow and development of two tongue‐shaped rock glaciers in the permafrost of Svalbard

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  • Ketil Isaksen
  • Rune Strand Ødegård
  • Trond Eiken
  • Johan Ludvig Sollid

Abstract

Svalbard is in the zone of continuous permafrost with depths varying between 200 and 450 m in the interior. Two tongue‐shaped rock glaciers on Svalbard have been investigated. The results of surface velocity measurements reveal horizontal surface velocities of 0.05–0.10 m a−1. The oldest surface of these rock glaciers is roughly estimated to be 4000 years, based on a tentative dating by calculation of the length/surface‐velocity ratio (LSVR). With respect to rock glacier dynamics and long‐term initial development of their particular forms, it is likely that the rock glaciers started to develop at the onset of the Holocene. DC resistivity results indicate an inner structure with a 20–35 m thick high‐resistivity ice‐rich layer (100–900 kΩm) lying on a lower resistive layer (5–70 kΩm) interpreted as ice‐saturated sediments. Ground penetrating radar (f=50 MHz) shows clear reflection horizons or layers along the longitudinal profile of the rock glacier. In a short zone at the rear of the profile, the layers are oriented parallel or slanting downwards in relation to the rock glacier surface. In the frontal part the layers slant upwards. The orientation of the layers changes in a narrow transition zone. The layers can be recognized clearly down to 15–20 m depth. They are interpreted to represent sediments supersaturated with ice alternating with layers of rockslide debris. The supersaturated layers are interpreted as snowdrifts later covered with debris from rockslides. Repeated mass movement events result in aggradational ice layers gradually becoming part of the creeping rock glacier. This mechanism is assumed to be the most important accumulation process for the development of the investigated rock glaciers. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Svalbard appartient à la zone de pergélisol continu qui s'étend, à l'intérieur de l'archipel, jusqu'à 200 à 450 m de profondeur. Deux glaciers rocheux en forme de langues y ont été étudiés. Les mesures de vitesse en surface montrent une avancée comprise entre 0.05 et 0.10 m par an. La plus vieile surface de ces glaciers rocheux est estimée approximativement à 4000 ans sur la base du rapport entre la langueur du glacier rocheux et sa vitesse d'avancée. En tenant compte de la dynamique des glaciers rocheux et du développement à long terme de leurs formes particulières, il est probable que ces glaciers rocheux ont commencé à se développer au début de l'Holocène. Des mesures de résistivité DC indiquent une structure interne composée d'une couche de 20 à 35 m très résistive (100–900 kΩm), riche en glace, reposant sur une couche moins résistive (5–70 kΩm) interprétée comme des sédiments saturés de glace. Des images radar pénétrent le sol (f=50 MHz) montrent clairement des horizons de réflexion ou des couches qui peuvent être suivies le long du profil longitudinal du glacier roucheux. Dans une courte zone à l'arrière du profil, les couches sot orientées parallèlement ou inclinées vers le bas par rapport à la surface du glacier rocheux. Dans la partie frontale, les couches sont par contre inclines vers le haut. L'orientation des couches change dans un zone étroite de transition. Ces couches peuvent être clairement reconnues jusqu'à 15–20 m de profondeur. Elles sont interprétées comme des sédiments supersaturés en glace alternant avec des couches de débris. Les couches supersaturées résulteraient d'accmulations de neige soufflées par le vent, tandis que les couches de débris proviendraient de glissements de débris rocheux. Des événements répétés de ce type ont alimentés le glacier rocheux et se sont intégrés à celui‐ci. Ce mécanisme est supposé être le processus d'accumulation le plus important intervenant dans le développement des glaciers rocheux étudiés. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Suggested Citation

  • Ketil Isaksen & Rune Strand Ødegård & Trond Eiken & Johan Ludvig Sollid, 2000. "Composition, flow and development of two tongue‐shaped rock glaciers in the permafrost of Svalbard," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 11(3), pages 241-257, July.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:perpro:v:11:y:2000:i:3:p:241-257
    DOI: 10.1002/1099-1530(200007/09)11:33.0.CO;2-A
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