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The Evolution Of Indonesian Hard‐Mineral Agreements, 1967–1977

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  • RALPH E. BEALS
  • MALCOLM GILLIS

Abstract

This article traces the evolution of contractual terms for hard minerals agreements in Indonesia over the period 1967–1977. It shows that, with some important exceptions, the Indonesian experience has been more or less consonant with that of other developing countries that are mineral exporters. Virtually everywhere, contract terms, particularly fiscal provisions, have been considerably tightened as host countries gained experience in negotiating and implementing hard mineral agreements. As a result, recent contracts involve measurably greater benefits for host countries than was generally the case in the 1960s. For a variety of reasons discussed in the article, the evolution to tighter contracts and more favourable terms was rapid in Indonesia. The article also demonstrates the essential equivalence between the two most prevalent forms of mineral agreements: the production‐sharing contract and the contract of work. In particular, and contrary to widespread belief, the article shows, using Indonesian examples, that a contract of work can be made to match production‐sharing agreements in its financial results. Le présent article retrace l'évolution des clauses contractuelles des accords sur les minéraux solides en Indonésie pour la période 1967–1977. Il montre que, à quelques exceptions importantes près, l'expérience faite par I'lndonésie dans ce domaine est fort proche de celle d'autres pays en développement exportateurs de minéraux. On assiste presque partout à un resserrement considerable des clauses contractuelles et, en particulier, des dispositions fiscales au moment où les pays hôtes acquièrent de l'experience en matière de négociations et d'exécution des accords sur les minéraux solides. En conséquence, les récents contracts ont apporté des bénéfices bien plus appréciables aux pays nôtes qu'ils ne l'ont fait généralement dans les années 60. Pour de multiples raisons exposées dans cet article, l'évolution de contrats plus stricts et de clauses plus favorables s'est avérée rapide en Indonésie. Cet article démontre également l'équivalence essentielle qui existe entre les deux formes les plus courantes d'accords sur les minéraux: des contrats de partage de la production et des contrats de travail. En particulier, et contrairement à ce que l'on pense généralement, cet article, par le biais d'exemples indonésiens, prouve qu'un contrat de travail peut s'harmoniser avec des accords de partage de la production quant à ses résultats financiers. Este artículo examina la evolución de los términos contractuales de los acuerdos sobre minerales en Indonesia durante el periodo 1967–1977. Este exámen muestra que, con algunas excepciones importantes, la experiencia de Indonesia ha sido similar a la de otros países en desarrollo exportadores de minerales. Casi en todas partes los términos contractuales, especialmente las provisiones fiscales, han tendido a ser restrictivas a medida que los países exportadores han ido adquiriendo experiencia en las negociaciones y ejecución de contratos sobre minerales. En consecuencia, los contratos recientes representan mejores beneficios para el país exportador en comparación a lo que sucedía en la década del sesenta. Debido a diferentes razones que se discuten en este artículo, la evolución hacia contratos más restrictivos y términos más favorables fué muy rápida en Indonesia. Este artículo también demuestra la equivalencia esencial entre las dos formas prevalentes de contratos sobre minerales: contratos de participación en la producción y contratos de trabajo. En especial, y contrariamente a la creencia general, el artículo muestra, usando el ejemplo de Indonesia, que el contrato de trabajo puede adecuarse de modo a obtener los mismos resultados financieros obtenibles con contratos de participación en la producción.

Suggested Citation

  • Ralph E. Beals & Malcolm Gillis, 1980. "The Evolution Of Indonesian Hard‐Mineral Agreements, 1967–1977," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 4(4), pages 341-358, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:natres:v:4:y:1980:i:4:p:341-358
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-8947.1980.tb00995.x
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