IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/eldpol/v1y2021i3p65-110.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

COVID‐19 and Ontario's Long‐Term Care Homes

Author

Listed:
  • Nathan M. Stall
  • Kevin A. Brown
  • Antonina Maltsev
  • Aaron Jones
  • Andrew P. Costa
  • Vanessa Allen
  • Adalsteinn D. Brown
  • Gerald A. Evans
  • David N. Fisman
  • Jennie Johnstone
  • Peter Jüni
  • Kamil Malikov
  • Allison McGeer
  • Paula A. Rochon
  • Beate Sander
  • Brian Schwartz
  • Samir K. Sinha
  • Kevin Smith
  • Ashleigh R. Tuite
  • Michael P. Hillmer

Abstract

Ontario long‐term care (LTC) home residents have experienced disproportionately high morbidity and mortality, both from COVID‐19 and from the conditions associated with the COVID‐19 pandemic. As of July 10, 2021, a total of 3,975 LTC home residents have died of COVID‐19, totaling 43.0% of all 9,245 COVID‐19 deaths in Ontario. The most important risk factors for whether a LTC home will experience an outbreak is the daily incidence of SARS‐CoV‐2 infections in the communities surrounding the home and the occurrence of staff infections. The most important risk factors for the magnitude of an outbreak and the number of resulting resident deaths are older design, chain ownership, and crowding. Many Ontario LTC home residents have experienced severe and potentially irreversible physical, cognitive, psychological, and functional declines as a result of precautionary public health interventions imposed on homes, such as limiting access to general visitors and essential caregivers, resident absences, and group activities. There has also been an increase in the prescribing of psychoactive drugs to Ontario LTC residents. The accumulating evidence on COVID‐19 in Ontario's LTC homes has been leveraged in several ways to support public health interventions and policy during the pandemic. Several further measures could be effective in preventing COVID‐19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario's LTC homes. This includes improving staffing, minimizing LTC worker infection, decrowding LTC homes, enhanced infection prevention and control (IPAC) measures, a more balanced and nuanced approach to public health measures, and additional strategies to promote COVID‐19 vaccine acceptance amongst residents and staff. Los residentes en el hogar de cuidados a largo plazo de Ontario (LTC) han experimentado una morbilidad y mortalidad desproporcionadamente altas, tanto por COVID‐19 como por las condiciones asociadas con la pandemia de COVID‐19. Hasta el 10 de julio de 2021, un total de 3.975 residentes de hogares de LTC habían muerto de COVID‐19, lo que totaliza el 43.0% de las 9.245 muertes por COVID‐19 en Ontario. Los factores de riesgo más importantes para que un hogar de LTC experimente un brote es la incidencia diaria de infecciones por SARS‐CoV‐2 en las comunidades que rodean el hogar y la aparición de infecciones del personal. Los factores de riesgo más importantes para la magnitud de un brote y el número de muertes de residentes resultantes son el diseño antiguo, la propiedad de la cadena y el hacinamiento. Muchos residentes de hogares de Ontario LTC han experimentado disminuciones físicas, cognitivas, psicológicas y funcionales graves y potencialmente irreversibles como resultado de intervenciones preventivas de salud pública impuestas a los hogares, como la limitación del acceso a visitantes generales y cuidadores esenciales, ausencias de residentes y actividades grupales. También ha habido un aumento en la prescripción de psicofármacos a los residentes de Ontario LTC. La evidencia acumulada sobre COVID‐19 en los hogares de LTC de Ontario se ha aprovechado de varias maneras para respaldar las intervenciones y políticas de salud pública durante la pandemia. Varias medidas adicionales podrían ser efectivas para prevenir brotes de COVID‐19, hospitalizaciones y muertes en los hogares de LTC de Ontario. Esto incluye mejorar la dotación de personal, minimizar la infección de los trabajadores de LTC, reducir el hacinamiento de los hogares de LTC, medidas mejoradas de prevención y control de infecciones (IPAC), un enfoque más equilibrado y matizado de las medidas de salud pública y estrategias adicionales para promover la aceptación de la vacuna COVID‐19 entre los residentes y el personal. 安大略省长期护理院(长期护理,LTC)的居民因2019冠状病毒病(COVID‐19)和COVID‐19大流行相关形势而经历了极高的发病率和死亡率 。截至2021年7月10日,共有3975名LTC院居民死于COVID‐19,占安大略省COVID‐19总死亡人数(9245)的43%。 LTC院是否会经历病毒爆发,最重要的风险因素为护理院周边社区的COVID‐19每日感染率以及工作人员感染发生率。就病毒爆发的规模和导致的居民死亡数量而言,最重要的风险因素为老式设计、感染链溯源和群体聚集。 安大略省LTC院的许多居民经历了严重的、潜在不可逆的生理衰退、认知衰退、心理衰退和功能性衰退,这归因于对护理院强制执行的预防性公共卫生干预,例如限制访客和必需的护理员、居民外出和群体活动。为安大略省LTC院居民开具精神药物处方的情况也有所增加。 大流行期间,关于安大略省LTC院COVID‐19的越来越多的证据从不同方面被用于支持公共卫生干预和政策。一些进一步措施能有效预防安大略省LTC院的COVID‐19爆发、住院治疗和死亡。这包括:提升人员配备、将LTC员工感染最小化、分散LTC院集体聚集情况、提升感染预防和控制(IPAC)措施、更为均衡且微妙的公共卫生措施、以及用于增加居民和员工对COVID‐19疫苗的接受度的其他策略。

Suggested Citation

  • Nathan M. Stall & Kevin A. Brown & Antonina Maltsev & Aaron Jones & Andrew P. Costa & Vanessa Allen & Adalsteinn D. Brown & Gerald A. Evans & David N. Fisman & Jennie Johnstone & Peter Jüni & Kamil Ma, 2021. "COVID‐19 and Ontario's Long‐Term Care Homes," Journal of Elder Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 1(3), pages 65-110, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:eldpol:v:1:y:2021:i:3:p:65-110
    DOI: 10.18278/jep.1.3.3
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.18278/jep.1.3.3
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.18278/jep.1.3.3?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. M. Keith Chen & Judith A. Chevalier & Elisa F. Long, 2021. "Nursing home staff networks and COVID-19," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 118(1), pages 2015455118-, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Matthew Spiegel & Heather Tookes, 2021. "Business Restrictions and COVID-19 Fatalities [The immediate effect of COVID-19 policies on social distancing behavior in the United States]," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 34(11), pages 5266-5308.
    2. Abe Dunn & Joshua D Gottlieb & Adam Hale Shapiro & Daniel J Sonnenstuhl & Pietro Tebaldi, 2024. "A Denial a Day Keeps the Doctor Away," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 139(1), pages 187-233.
    3. Xavier Flawinne & Mathieu Lefebvre & Sergio Perelman & Pierre Pestieau & Jérôme Schoenmaeckers, 2023. "Nursing homes and mortality in Europe: Uncertain causality," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(1), pages 134-154, January.
    4. Paul L. Joskow, 2022. "From Scarcity to Abundance: Government and Private Initiatives to Manage the Allocation of N95 Masks in the U.S. During the COVID-19 Pandemic," NBER Working Papers 29876, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    5. Almagro, Milena & Coven, Joshua & Gupta, Arpit & Orane-Hutchinson, Angelo, 2023. "Disparities in COVID-19 risk exposure: Evidence from geolocation data," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    6. Coven, Joshua & Gupta, Arpit & Yao, Iris, 2023. "JUE Insight: Urban flight seeded the COVID-19 pandemic across the United States," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    7. Antoci, Angelo & Sabatini, Fabio & Sacco, Pier Luigi & Sodini, Mauro, 2022. "Experts vs. policymakers in the COVID-19 policy response," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 201(C), pages 22-39.
    8. Roland Pongou & Guy Tchuente & Jean-Baptiste Tondji, 2021. "Optimally Targeting Interventions in Networks during a Pandemic: Theory and Evidence from the Networks of Nursing Homes in the United States," Papers 2110.10230, arXiv.org.
    9. Pongou, Roland & Sidie, Ghislain Junior & Tchuente, Guy & Tondji, Jean-Baptiste, 2022. "Profits, Pandemics, and Lockdown Effectiveness in Nursing Home Networks," National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) Discussion Papers 540, National Institute of Economic and Social Research.
    10. Gallo, Edoardo & Barak, Darija & Langtry, Alastair, 2023. "Social distancing in networks: A web-based interactive experiment," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 107(C).
    11. Taylor A Begley & Daniel Weagley, 2023. "Firm Finances and the Spread of COVID-19: Evidence from Nursing Homes," The Review of Corporate Finance Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 12(1), pages 1-35.
    12. Casey B. Mulligan, 2021. "The Backward Art of Slowing the Spread? Congregation Efficiencies during COVID-19," NBER Working Papers 28737, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    13. Pongou, Roland & Tchuente, Guy & Tondji, Jean-Baptiste, 2021. "Optimally Targeting Interventions in Networks during a Pandemic: Theory and Evidence from the Networks of Nursing Homes in the United States," GLO Discussion Paper Series 957, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
    14. A. James O'Malley & Thomas A. Bubolz & Jonathan S. Skinner, 2021. "The Diffusion of Health Care Fraud: A Network Analysis," NBER Working Papers 28560, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    15. Theresa Kuchler & Johannes Stroebel, 2022. "Social Interactions, Resilience, and Access to Economic Opportunity: A Research Agenda for the Field of Computational Social Science," CESifo Working Paper Series 9606, CESifo.
    16. Cronin, Christopher J. & Evans, William N., 2022. "Nursing home quality, COVID-19 deaths, and excess mortality," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    17. Eric Budish, 2020. "Maximize Utility subject to R≤1: A Simple Price-Theory Approach to Covid-19 Lockdown and Reopening Policy," NBER Working Papers 28093, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    18. Drost, Alyssa & Alam, M Injamam & Boamah, Sheila & Kralj, Boris & Costa, Andrew & Sweetman, Arthur, 2023. "Multiple jobholding and part-time work among nurses in long-term care homes compared to other healthcare sectors: Evidence from Ontario," Health Policy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C).
    19. Christopher Avery & William Bossert & Adam Clark & Glenn Ellison & Sara Fisher Ellison, 2020. "An Economist's Guide to Epidemiology Models of Infectious Disease," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 34(4), pages 79-104, Fall.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:eldpol:v:1:y:2021:i:3:p:65-110. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.