IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/coacre/v9y1993i2p365-394.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Choice of Return†Generating Models and Cross†Sectional Dependence in Event Studies

Author

Listed:
  • BING XIANG

Abstract

. This paper examines the choice of return†generating models for event studies with contemporaneous event periods and industry clustering (CEPIC). The importance of specifying an appropriate return generating model in event studies with CEPIC is demonstrated by showing that if the return†generating model is the two†factor model, inferences based on the market model are invalid. Evidence that the two†factor model is a better return†generating model is presented. Both the analytical results and empirical evidence support the finding in Chandra and Balachandran (1990) that inferences using generalized least squares (OLS) on the market model are very sensitive to return†generating model misspecifications. The results in this paper indicate that the findings in earlier event studies with CEPIC based on the market model need to be interpreted with caution. Further, the contemporaneous dependencies in the two†factor model residuals are found significant for the majority of the sampled industries. That is, the industry index in the two†factor model cannot remove all the cross†correlations in the market†model residuals. Therefore, even with the two†factor model as the return†generating model, GLS may he a preferred method for estimation and inferences, and the test statistic for inferences has to be robust to the presence of cross†sectional dependencies. Finally, using an error components model, it is shown that the industry factor can explain on average 6.7 percent and 11.5 percent of variations in market model residuals, for daily and weekly returns, respectively. This implies that the industry effects are too important to ignore in event studies with CEPIC. Résumé. L'auteur examine le choix des modèles de calcul du rendement s'appliquant aux études d'événements groupés par périodes de simultanéité et par secteur d'activité. Il établit l'importance du choix d'un modèle approprié de calcul du rendement dans les études d'événements ainsi groupés, en démontrant que lorsque le modèle de calcul du rendement est un modèle à deux facteurs, les inférences basées sur le modèle du marché ne sont pas valides. Il justifie l'efficacité supérieure du modèle à deux facteurs pour le calcul du rendement Les résultats analytiques ainsi que la démonstration empirique corroborent les conclusions de Chandra et Balachandran (1990) selon lesquelles les inférences faisant appel aux moindres carrés généralisés relatives au modèle du marché sont très sensibles aux erreurs de choix du modèle de calcul du rendement. Les résultats de l'étude dont l'exposé suit révèlent que les conclusions des études antérieures d'événements groupés par périodes de simultanéité et par secteur d'activité, basées sur le modèle du marché, doivent être interprétées avec prudence. L'auteur constate, en outre, que les liens de dépendance simultanés observés dans les résidus du modèle à deux facteurs sont significatifs pour la majorité des secteurs d'activité échantillonnés. En d'autres termes, l'indice sectoriel dans le modèle à deux facteurs ne peut éliminer toutes les corrélations croisées dans les résidus du modèle du marché. Par conséquent, même si l'on a recours au modèle à deux facteurs pour calculer le rendement, il peut être préférable d'utiliser les moindres carrés généralisés pour produire des estimations et des inférences, et la statistique de test des inférences doit résister à la présence de liens de dépendance croisés. Enfin, à l'aide d'un modèle de composantes d'erreur, l'auteur démontre que le facteur sectoriel peut expliquer les fluctuations dans les résidus du modèle du marché, à raison, en moyenne, de 6,7 pour cent pour les rendements quotidiens et de 11,5 pour cent pour les rendements hebdomadaires, de sorte que les conséquences attribuables au secteur sont trop importantes pour être ignorées dans les études d'événements groupés par périodes de simultanéité et par secteur d'activité.

Suggested Citation

  • Bing Xiang, 1993. "The Choice of Return†Generating Models and Cross†Sectional Dependence in Event Studies," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 9(2), pages 365-394, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:9:y:1993:i:2:p:365-394
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1911-3846.1993.tb00887.x
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1911-3846.1993.tb00887.x
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/j.1911-3846.1993.tb00887.x?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Scholes, Myron & Williams, Joseph, 1977. "Estimating betas from nonsynchronous data," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 5(3), pages 309-327, December.
    2. Andrew W. Lo, A. Craig MacKinlay, 1988. "Stock Market Prices do not Follow Random Walks: Evidence from a Simple Specification Test," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 1(1), pages 41-66.
    3. Gonedes, Nj, 1975. "Risk, Information, And Effects Of Special Accounting Items On Capital-Market Equilibrium," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 13(2), pages 220-256.
    4. Chandra, R & Moriarity, S & Willinger, Gl, 1990. "A Reexamination Of The Power Of Alternative Return-Generating Models And The Effect Of Accounting For Cross-Sectional Dependencies In Event Studies," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(2), pages 398-408.
    5. Pagan, Adrian R. & Schwert, G. William, 1990. "Alternative models for conditional stock volatility," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 45(1-2), pages 267-290.
    6. Pownall, G & Waymire, G, 1989. "Voluntary Disclosure Choice And Earnings Information-Transfer," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 27, pages 85-105.
    7. John J. Binder, 1985. "Measuring the Effects of Regulation with Stock Price Data," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 16(2), pages 167-183, Summer.
    8. Collins, Daniel W. & Rozeff, Michael S. & Dhaliwal, Dan S., 1981. "The economic determinants of the market reaction to proposed mandatory accounting changes in the oil and gas industry: A cross-sectional analysis," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 3(1), pages 37-71, March.
    9. T. S. Breusch & A. R. Pagan, 1980. "The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 47(1), pages 239-253.
    10. Affleck-Graves, John & McDonald, Bill, 1990. "Multivariate Tests of Asset Pricing: The Comparative Power of Alternative Statistics," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 25(2), pages 163-185, June.
    11. Baginski, Sp, 1987. "Intraindustry Information Transfers Associated With Management Forecasts Of Earnings," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 25(2), pages 196-216.
    12. Ramesh Chandra & Bala V. Balachandran, 1990. "A synthesis of alternative testing procedures for event studies," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 6(2), pages 611-640, March.
    13. Hausman, Jerry, 2015. "Specification tests in econometrics," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 38(2), pages 112-134.
    14. Langetieg, Terence C., 1978. "An application of a three-factor performance index to measure stockholder gains from merger," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 6(4), pages 365-383, December.
    15. Bernard, Vl, 1987. "Cross-Sectional Dependence And Problems In Inference In Market-Based Accounting Research," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 25(1), pages 1-48.
    16. Binder, Jj, 1985. "On The Use Of The Multivariate Regression-Model In Event Studies," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 23(1), pages 370-383.
    17. Ro, Byung T., 1980. "The adjustment of security returns to the disclosure of replacement cost accounting information," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 2(2), pages 159-189, August.
    18. Livingston, Miles, 1977. "Industry Movements of Common Stocks," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 32(3), pages 861-874, June.
    19. Corrado, Charles J., 1989. "A nonparametric test for abnormal security-price performance in event studies," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 23(2), pages 385-395, August.
    20. Jeffrey F. Jaffe, 1974. "The Effect of Regulation Changes on Insider Trading," Bell Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 5(1), pages 93-121, Spring.
    21. Beaver, Wh, 1981. "Econometric Properties Of Alternative Security Return Methods," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 19(1), pages 163-184.
    22. Chen, Nai-Fu & Copeland, Thomas E. & Mayers, David, 1987. "A Comparison of Single and Multifactor Portfolio Performance Methodologies," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 22(4), pages 401-417, December.
    23. Spanos,Aris, 1986. "Statistical Foundations of Econometric Modelling," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521269124, September.
    24. Han, Jcy & Wild, Jj, 1990. "Unexpected Earnings And Intraindustry Information Transfers - Further Evidence," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(1), pages 211-219.
    25. Lipe, Rc, 1986. "The Information Contained In The Components Of Earnings," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 24, pages 37-64.
    26. Froot, Kenneth A., 1989. "Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation with Cross-Sectional Dependence and Heteroskedasticity in Financial Data," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 24(3), pages 333-355, September.
    27. Jain, Pc, 1986. "Analyses Of The Distribution Of Security Market Model Prediction Errors For Daily Returns Data," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 24(1), pages 76-96.
    28. Brown, Stephen J. & Warner, Jerold B., 1985. "Using daily stock returns : The case of event studies," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 3-31, March.
    29. Ro, Bt, 1978. "Disclosure Of Capitalized Lease Information And Stock-Prices," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 16(2), pages 315-340.
    30. Lev, B & Penman, Sh, 1990. "Voluntary Forecast Disclosure, Nondisclosure, And Stock-Prices," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(1), pages 49-76.
    31. Collins, Dw & Dent, Wt, 1984. "A Comparison Of Alternative Testing Methodologies Used In Capital-Market Research," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 22(1), pages 48-84.
    32. Morse, D, 1984. "An Econometric-Analysis Of The Choice Of Daily Versus Monthly Returns In Tests Of Information-Content," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 22(2), pages 605-623.
    33. Gibbons, Michael R., 1982. "Multivariate tests of financial models : A new approach," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 10(1), pages 3-27, March.
    34. Dimson, Elroy, 1979. "Risk measurement when shares are subject to infrequent trading," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 7(2), pages 197-226, June.
    35. Beaver, W & Eger, C & Ryan, S & Wolfson, M, 1989. "Financial-Reporting, Supplemental Disclosures, And Bank Share Prices," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 27(2), pages 157-178.
    36. Beaver, William H. & Christie, Andrew A. & Griffin, Paul A., 1980. "The information content of SEC accounting series release no. 190," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 2(2), pages 127-157, August.
    37. Brown, Stephen J. & Warner, Jerold B., 1980. "Measuring security price performance," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 8(3), pages 205-258, September.
    38. Jain, Pc, 1986. "Relation Between Market Model Prediction Errors And Omitted Variables - A Methodological Note," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 24(1), pages 187-193.
    39. Riddell, W C & Buse, A, 1980. "An Alternative Approach to Specification Errors," Australian Economic Papers, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 19(34), pages 211-214, June.
    40. Lev, B, 1989. "On The Usefulness Of Earnings And Earnings Research - Lessons And Directions From 2 Decades Of Empirical-Research," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 27, pages 153-192.
    41. Fuller, Wayne A. & Battese, George E., 1974. "Estimation of linear models with crossed-error structure," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 2(1), pages 67-78, May.
    42. Lys, Thomas, 1984. "Mandated accounting changes and debt covenants : The case of oil and gas accounting," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 6(1), pages 39-65, April.
    43. Schipper, K & Thompson, R, 1985. "The Impact Of Merger-Related Regulations Using Exact Distributions Of Test Statistics," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 23(1), pages 408-415.
    44. Brown, Stephen J. & Weinstein, Mark I., 1985. "Derived factors in event studies," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 14(3), pages 491-495, September.
    45. Chen, Nai-fu & Copeland, Thomas E. & Mayers, David, 1987. "A Comparison of Single and Multifactor Portfolio Performance Methodologies (formerly WP #13-83)," University of California at Los Angeles, Anderson Graduate School of Management qt1tw5w5rs, Anderson Graduate School of Management, UCLA.
    46. Hughes, John S. & Ricks, William E., 1984. "Accounting for retail land sales : Analysis of a mandated change," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 6(2), pages 101-132, August.
    47. Ramesh Chandra & Kermit Rohrbach, 1990. "A methodological note on detecting a location shift in the distribution of abnormal returns: A nonparametric approach," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 7(1), pages 123-141, September.
    48. Sefcik, Se & Thompson, R, 1986. "An Approach To Statistical-Inference In Cross-Sectional Models With Security Abnormal Returns As Dependent Variable," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 24(2), pages 316-334.
    49. Fertuck, Leonard, 1975. "A Test of Industry Indices Based on SIC Codes," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 10(5), pages 837-848, December.
    50. Schipper, K & Thompson, R, 1983. "The Impact Of Merger-Related Regulations On The Shareholders Of Acquiring Firms," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 21(1), pages 184-221.
    51. Harrison, T, 1977. "Different Market Reactions To Discretionary And Non-Discretionary Accounting Changes," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 15(1), pages 84-107.
    52. Dyckman, T & Philbrick, D & Stephan, J, 1984. "A Comparison Of Event Study Methodologies Using Daily Stock Returns - A Simulation Approach," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 22, pages 1-30.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Kun Shin Im & Kevin E. Dow & Varun Grover, 2001. "Research Report: A Reexamination of IT Investment and the Market Value of the Firm—An Event Study Methodology," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 12(1), pages 103-117, March.
    2. Patel, Pankaj C. & Struckell, Elisabeth M. & Ojha, Divesh, 2020. "Calorie labeling law and fast food chain performance: The value of capital responsiveness under sales volatility," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 117(C), pages 346-356.
    3. Cable, J & Holland, K, 1996. "Modelling Normal Returns in Event Studies: A Model-Selection Approach and Pilot Study," Working Papers 96-13, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Department of Economics.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ravi Bhushan, 1993. "Cross†Sectional Dependence and the Use of Generalized Least Squares," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 9(2), pages 450-462, March.
    2. Ramesh Chandra & Bala V. Balachandran, 1990. "A synthesis of alternative testing procedures for event studies," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 6(2), pages 611-640, March.
    3. Ramesh Chandra & Kermit J. Rohrbach & G. Lee Willinger, 1992. "Longitudinal rank tests for detecting location shift in the distribution of abnormal returns: An extension," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 9(1), pages 296-305, September.
    4. Victor L. Bernard, 1990. "Discussion of A synthesis of alternative testing procedures for event studies," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 6(2), pages 641-647, March.
    5. Corrado, Charles J. & Truong, Cameron, 2008. "Conducting event studies with Asia-Pacific security market data," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 16(5), pages 493-521, November.
    6. Reza Espahbodi & Hassan Tehranian, 1989. "Stock market reactions to the issuance of FAS 33 and its preceding exposure drafts," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 5(2), pages 575-591, March.
    7. S. P. Kothari & Charles Wasley, 2019. "Commemorating the 50‐Year Anniversary of Ball and Brown (1968): The Evolution of Capital Market Research over the Past 50 Years," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 57(5), pages 1117-1159, December.
    8. Chuan‐San Wang & Norman Strong & Samuel Tung & Steve Lin, 2009. "Share Repurchases, the Clustering Problem, and the Free Cash Flow Hypothesis," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 38(3), pages 487-505, September.
    9. Kanungo, Rama Prasad, 2021. "Uncertainty of M&As under asymmetric estimation," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 774-793.
    10. Kothari, S. P., 2001. "Capital markets research in accounting," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(1-3), pages 105-231, September.
    11. Cable, J & Holland, K, 1996. "Modelling Normal Returns in Event Studies: A Model-Selection Approach and Pilot Study," Working Papers 96-13, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Department of Economics.
    12. Yadav, Pradeep K., 1992. "Event studies based on volatility of returns and trading volume: A review," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 24(2), pages 157-184.
    13. Cunha, P.A.M.F.V., 2005. "The value of cooperation : Studies on the performance outcomes of interorganizational alliances," Other publications TiSEM 59466e6c-1920-461e-b5e9-b, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    14. Amarnath Ananthanarayanan, 1998. "Is There A Green Link A Panel Data Value Event Study Of The Relationship Between Capital Markets And Toxic Releases," Departmental Working Papers 199818, Rutgers University, Department of Economics.
    15. J. Cable & K. Holland, 1999. "Modelling normal returns in event studies: a model-selection approach and pilot study," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 5(4), pages 331-341.
    16. Stephen X. H. Gong, 2008. "Event Study in Transport Research: Methodology and Applications," Transport Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 29(2), pages 207-222, May.
    17. Jana P. Fidrmuc & Marc Goergen & Luc Renneboog, 2006. "Insider Trading, News Releases, and Ownership Concentration," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 61(6), pages 2931-2973, December.
    18. Jane‐Sue Wang & Jing‐Twen Chen & Pin‐Huang Chou, 2008. "Market Reactions To The Passage Of The Financial Holding Company Act In Taiwan," Pacific Economic Review, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 13(4), pages 453-472, October.
    19. B. M. Burton & A. A. Lonie & D. M. Power, 2000. "The impact of corporate growth opportunities on the market response to new equity announcements," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 10(1), pages 27-36.
    20. Doan, Minh Phuong & Sercu, Piet, 2021. "Modelling multiperiod patterns in stock-market reactions to events, with an application to serial acquisitions," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:9:y:1993:i:2:p:365-394. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://doi.org/10.1111/(ISSN)1911-3846 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.