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Is Audit Committee Equity Compensation Related to Audit Fees?

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  • Xinming Liu
  • Gerald J. Lobo
  • Hung‐Chao Yu

Abstract

Section 301 of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act (SOX) implicitly assumes that audit committees can independently determine audit fees. Critics of section 301 have questioned this assumption in particular, and the efficacy of section 301 more generally. In response, the SEC issued a concept release in 2015 calling for public disclosure of the process that audit committees follow for determining auditor compensation. Motivated by these calls and the widespread use of stocks and options to compensate firms' independent directors, we examine the relation between equity compensation granted to audit committee members and audit fees. Using a sample of 3,685 firm‐year observations during 2007–2015, we find a negative relation between audit committee equity compensation and audit fees, consistent with larger equity pay inducing audit committee members to compromise independence by paying lower audit fees. These findings are robust to controlling for endogeneity, firm size, alternative measures of equity compensation, alternative samples, and an alternative treatment of extreme values. We further show that larger equity compensation is associated with lower earnings quality. We also find that the negative effect of equity compensation on audit fees is stronger when city‐level audit market competition is high. However, this negative relation disappears when (i) firms face high litigation risk, (ii) auditors have stronger bargaining power, (iii) the audit committee includes a high proportion of accounting experts, and (iv) auditors are industry experts. Our results are relevant for regulators and investors. Y a‐t‐il une relation entre la rémunération en actions des membres d'un comité d'audit et les frais d'audit? L'article 301 de la loi Sarbanes‐Oxley (SOX) suppose implicitement que les comités d'audit peuvent déterminer les frais d'audit de façon indépendante. Les critiques relatives à l'article 301 ont remis en question cette supposition et, de façon plus générale, l'efficacité de l'article 301. En réponse à ces critiques, la SEC a fait paraître en 2015 un document de consultation demandant que soit rendu public le processus mis en œuvre par les comités d'audit pour déterminer la rémunération des auditeurs. Dans la foulée de ces demandes et de l'utilisation répandue des actions et options pour rémunérer les administrateurs indépendants des sociétés, nous examinons la relation entre la rémunération en actions accordée aux membres des comités d'audit et les frais d'audit. À partir d'un échantillon de 3 685 observations année‐entreprises portant sur la période 2007 à 2015, nous constatons une relation négative entre la rémunération en actions des comités d'audit et les frais d'audit, ce qui cadre avec l'hypothèse voulant qu'une rémunération en actions plus élevée incite les membres des comités à compromettre leur indépendance en payant des tarifs d'audit plus faibles. Ces résultats sont robustes pour la prise en compte de l'endogénéité, de la taille des sociétés, d'autres mesures de rémunération par actions, d'autres échantillons et d'une autre méthode de traitement des valeurs extrêmes. Nous établissons également qu'une rémunération en actions plus importante est associée à des résultats de plus faible qualité. Nous constatons enfin que l'effet négatif de la rémunération en actions sur les frais d'audit est plus marqué lorsque la concurrence sur le marché de l'audit à l'échelle de la ville est forte. Toutefois, cette relation négative disparaît lorsque i) les sociétés font face à des risques de litige élevés, ii) les auditeurs disposent d'un plus grand pouvoir de négociation, iii) le comité d'audit comprend une forte proportion d'experts comptables et iv) les auditeurs sont des experts du secteur d'activités. Nos résultats sont pertinents pour les organismes de réglementation et les investisseurs.

Suggested Citation

  • Xinming Liu & Gerald J. Lobo & Hung‐Chao Yu, 2021. "Is Audit Committee Equity Compensation Related to Audit Fees?," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 38(1), pages 740-769, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:38:y:2021:i:1:p:740-769
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12632
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