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Innovation and Corporate Tax Planning: The Distinct Effects of Patents and R&D

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  • C. S. Agnes Cheng
  • Peng Guo
  • Chia‐Hsiang Weng
  • Qiang Wu

Abstract

Using a large US sample, we find a significant and positive relation between patents and corporate tax planning, and the effect is incremental to the effect of R&D on tax planning. We employ a quasi‐natural experiment based on staggered industry‐level innovation shocks to identify the positive causal effect of patents on corporate tax planning. We also find that patents are not associated with tax planning for domestic firms, but their association with tax planning is concentrated in multinational firms, which have the ability to shift domestic income to low‐tax countries. Moreover, we find that the identified effect mainly exists in the post–check‐the‐box (CTB) rule period when shifting income among affiliates becomes more flexible and convenient. Finally, we use two income‐shifting models and find that patents, rather than R&D, facilitate tax planning through an income‐shifting channel. Overall, our results suggest that R&D and patents facilitate firms' tax planning in distinct ways: R&D facilitates tax planning as intended through tax credits and deductions, whereas patents are used by taxpayers to avoid taxes aggressively through income shifting. Innovation et planification fiscale des sociétés : Les effets distincts des brevets et de la R‐D À l'aide d'un vaste échantillon de sociétés aux États‐Unis, nous établissons une corrélation positive et significative entre les brevets et la planification fiscale des sociétés, et cet effet s'ajoute à celui de la R‐D sur la planification fiscale. Nous recourons à une expérience quasi naturelle basée sur les chocs d'innovation échelonnés à l’échelle de l'industrie pour déterminer l'effet causal positif des brevets sur la planification fiscale des sociétés. Nous montrons aussi que les brevets ne sont pas associés avec la planification fiscale des sociétés nationales, mais plutôt avec celle des multinationales, lesquelles peuvent transférer des revenus dans des pays à faible niveau d'imposition. En outre, nous constatons que l'effet observé se manifeste principalement pendant la période postérieure à celle où la règle des cases à cocher était en vigueur, lorsqu'il est devenu plus facile et pratique de répartir les revenus entre les filiales. Enfin, nous utilisons deux modèles de transfert des revenus et établissons que ce sont les brevets, plutôt que la R‐D, qui facilitent la planification fiscale par l'entremise d'un canal de transfert de revenus. Globalement, nos résultats portent à croire que la R‐D et les brevets facilitent la planification fiscale des sociétés de deux manières distinctes : la R‐D facilite la planification fiscale de la manière prévue, grâce à des crédits d'impôt et à des déductions fiscales, alors que les brevets sont utilisés par les contribuables pour se soustraire à l'impôt de façon agressive par l'intermédiaire du transfert des revenus.

Suggested Citation

  • C. S. Agnes Cheng & Peng Guo & Chia‐Hsiang Weng & Qiang Wu, 2021. "Innovation and Corporate Tax Planning: The Distinct Effects of Patents and R&D," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 38(1), pages 621-653, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:38:y:2021:i:1:p:621-653
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12613
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