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Assessing Tax Risk: Practitioner Perspectives

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  • Stevanie S. Neuman
  • Thomas C. Omer
  • Andrew P. Schmidt

Abstract

This study uses insights from tax practitioners and tax authorities to define and develop an estimate of ex ante tax risk that is independent of common tax outcomes studied in prior literature. Validation tests confirm that our tax risk measure (i) represents the predictable and unpredictable uncertainty inherent in the three sources of tax risk (i.e., economic risk, tax law uncertainty, and inaccurate information processing) and (ii) is a construct different from tax avoidance, tax uncertainty, and general business risk. Using our tax risk measure, we address two research questions of interest to academics and practitioners. First, we examine the association between tax risk and long‐run tax avoidance and find a negative association between tax risk and future long‐run cash effective tax rates (ETRs). Second, we consider the extent to which unrecognized tax benefits (UTBs) reflect tax risk, tax avoidance, or financial reporting incentives and demonstrate that our tax risk measure explains a substantial portion of UTBs, incremental and relative to measures of information risk, conditional conservatism, unconditional conservatism, and tax avoidance. Our study offers a measure of tax risk that, consistent with the Scholes‐Wolfson paradigm, reflects the tax risk inherent in all business activities, not just tax avoidance activities; has unique industry effects; and contributes to our understanding of the factors that affect tax planning decisions and result in variation in firms' ETRs. Our findings will help managers and tax practitioners focus on industry‐specific tax risk components, assess risk during tax planning initiatives, exercise caution when engaging in additional risk if ETRs are low, and adapt tax risk strategies to fit specific company needs. We enhance future tax research by improving the definition and measurement of tax risk. Évaluation du risque fiscal : points de vue des professionnels en exercice Les auteurs se fondent sur les points de vue de fiscalistes et des autorités fiscales pour définir et élaborer une estimation du risque fiscal ex ante, indépendante des résultats fiscaux généralement obtenus qui ont fait l'objet d’études jusqu’à maintenant. Des contrôles de validité confirment que l'indicateur de risque fiscal proposé par les auteurs 1) témoigne de l'incertitude prévisible et imprévisible inhérente aux trois sources de risque fiscal (soit le risque économique, l'incertitude liée à la législation fiscale et le caractère inadéquat du traitement de l'information) et 2) est un concept différent des notions d’évitement fiscal, d'incertitude fiscale et de risque d'entreprise en général. Utilisant leur indicateur de risque fiscal, les auteurs se penchent sur deux sujets d'intérêt pour les chercheurs et les professionnels en exercice. En premier lieu, ils étudient le lien entre le risque fiscal et l’évitement fiscal à long terme et notent l'existence d'une relation négative entre le risque fiscal et les taux d'imposition effectifs futurs à long terme, en trésorerie. En second lieu, ils s'intéressent à la mesure dans laquelle les avantages fiscaux non comptabilisés reflètent le risque fiscal, l’évitement fiscal ou les incitatifs liés à l'information financière, et ils démontrent que leur indicateur de risque fiscal explique une part importante des avantages fiscaux non comptabilisés, au‐delà des indicateurs de risque lié à l'information, de prudence conditionnelle, de prudence inconditionnelle et d’évitement fiscal, et par comparaison à ces indicateurs. Les auteurs proposent un indicateur de risque fiscal qui, conformément au paradigme de Scholes‐Wolfson, met en évidence le risque fiscal inhérent à toutes les activités des entreprises, et non pas uniquement aux activités d’évitement fiscal; a des répercussions sectorielles propres; et facilite la compréhension des facteurs qui ont une incidence sur les décisions de planification fiscale et font varier les taux d'imposition effectifs des sociétés. Les observations des auteurs aideront les gestionnaires et les fiscalistes à cibler les composants du risque fiscal propres au secteur d'activité, à évaluer le risque dans le cadre de projets de planification fiscale, à faire preuve de prudence lorsqu'ils assument un risque supplémentaire si le taux d'imposition effectif est faible, et à adapter leurs stratégies de gestion du risque fiscal aux besoins particuliers de l'entreprise. L’étude enrichira les recherches futures en fiscalité en améliorant la définition et l’évaluation du risque fiscal.

Suggested Citation

  • Stevanie S. Neuman & Thomas C. Omer & Andrew P. Schmidt, 2020. "Assessing Tax Risk: Practitioner Perspectives," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(3), pages 1788-1827, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:37:y:2020:i:3:p:1788-1827
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12556
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    2. Chen, An & Hieber, Peter & Sureth, Caren, 2022. "Pay for tax certainty? Advance tax rulings for risky investment under multi-dimensional tax uncertainty," arqus Discussion Papers in Quantitative Tax Research 273, arqus - Arbeitskreis Quantitative Steuerlehre.
    3. Nesbitt, Wayne L. & Outslay, Edmund & Persson, Anh V., 2023. "A reexamination of investors' reaction to tax shelter news: Evidence from the Luxembourg tax leaks," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 75(2).
    4. Arfah Habib Saragih & Syaiful Ali, 2023. "Corporate tax risk: a literature review and future research directions," Management Review Quarterly, Springer, vol. 73(2), pages 527-577, June.
    5. Giese, Henning & Koch, Reinald & Sureth, Caren, 2024. "Where to locate tax employees? The role of tax complexity and tax risk implications," arqus Discussion Papers in Quantitative Tax Research 285, arqus - Arbeitskreis Quantitative Steuerlehre.
    6. Chen, Wanyi & Jin, Rong, 2023. "Does tax uncertainty affect firm innovation speed?," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    7. Eva Eberhartinger & Maximilian Zieser, 2021. "The Effects of Cooperative Compliance on Firms’ Tax Risk, Tax Risk Management and Compliance Costs," Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, Springer, vol. 73(1), pages 125-178, March.
    8. Sandra Aulia & Haula Rosdiana & Inayati Inayati, 2022. "Trust, Power, and Tax Risk into the “Slippery Slope”: A Corporate Tax Compliance Model," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-18, November.
    9. Dyck, Daniel & Lorenz, Johannes & Sureth, Caren, 2022. "How do tax technology and controversy expertise affect tax disputes?," arqus Discussion Papers in Quantitative Tax Research 274, arqus - Arbeitskreis Quantitative Steuerlehre.
    10. Li, John, 2022. "The effect of employee satisfaction on effective corporate tax planning: Evidence from Glassdoor," Advances in accounting, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    11. Hasan, Mostafa Monzur & Lobo, Gerald J. & Qiu, Buhui, 2021. "Organizational capital, corporate tax avoidance, and firm value," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    12. Mostafa Monzur Hasan & Ahsan Habib & Nurul Alam, 2021. "Asset Redeployability and Corporate Tax Avoidance," Abacus, Accounting Foundation, University of Sydney, vol. 57(2), pages 183-219, June.
    13. Dain C. Donelson & Jennifer L. Glenn & Christopher G. Yust, 2022. "Is tax aggressiveness associated with tax litigation risk? Evidence from D&O Insurance," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 27(2), pages 519-569, June.
    14. Yost, Benjamin P., 2023. "Do tax-based proprietary costs discourage public listing?," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 75(2).

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