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Does Fair Value Accounting Contribute to Systemic Risk in the Banking Industry?

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  • Urooj Khan

Abstract

I investigate whether fair value accounting can contribute to the banking industry's systemic risk. I focus on the adoption of Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 115 (SFAS No. 115), which required available‐for‐sale (AFS) securities to be recognized at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in equity through accumulated other comprehensive income. SFAS No. 115 increased banks' regulatory risk because, at the time, calculation of regulatory capital closely conformed with GAAP equity. I find that systemic risk increased following the adoption of SFAS No. 115. Furthermore, following a subsequent regulatory amendment—which excluded unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities from regulatory capital but did not change their GAAP treatment—systemic risk decreased. Taken together, the evidence suggests that fair value accounting has the potential to increase systemic risk through the explicit inclusion of volatile fair value estimates in regulatory bank capital adequacy assessments. I do not, however, find evidence of fair value accounting impacting systemic risk in its information role; that is, by providing information to a bank's external stakeholders about its financial position and performance. I also show that higher fair value volatility of investment securities, lower bank capital, and larger AFS security holdings increase banks' marginal contribution to systemic risk. My findings should interest regulators and policymakers, as recent regulatory changes in light of Basel III recommendations require unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities to be included in regulatory capital for advanced approaches banks. La comptabilité à la juste valeur contribue‐t‐elle au risque systémique dans le secteur bancaire? L'auteur se demande si la comptabilité à la juste valeur peut contribuer au risque systémique dans le secteur bancaire. Il s'intéresse plus particulièrement à l'adoption de la norme SFAS n° 115 exigeant que les titres disponibles à la vente soient comptabilisés à leur juste valeur, les profits et pertes latents étant inclus dans les capitaux propres par l'intermédiaire du cumul des autres éléments du résultat global (AERG). La norme n° 115 a augmenté le risque lié à la réglementation auquel sont exposées les banques du fait qu’à l’époque, le calcul du capital réglementaire s'apparentait de près à celui des capitaux propres selon les PCGR. L'auteur constate que le risque systémique a augmenté à la suite de l'adoption de la norme SFAS n° 115. Il a par ailleurs diminué après une modification réglementaire subséquente — selon laquelle les gains et pertes latents afférents aux titres disponibles à la vente ont été exclus du capital réglementaire tout en demeurant assujettis au même traitement en vertu des PCGR. Dans leur ensemble, ces constatations semblent indiquer que la comptabilité à la juste valeur a le potentiel d'accroître le risque systémique par suite de l'intégration explicite d'estimations à la juste valeur volatiles dans les évaluations réglementaires du caractère adéquat du capital bancaire. L'auteur ne relève cependant rien qui permette d'affirmer que la comptabilité à la juste valeur ait une incidence sur le risque systémique dans son rôle informatif, soit celui de fournir aux parties prenantes externes d'une banque de l'information au sujet de la situation et de la performance financières de cette dernière. Il montre en outre qu'une plus grande volatilité de la juste valeur des titres de placement, un capital bancaire moins élevé et la détention d'un plus grand volume de titres disponibles à la vente accroissent la contribution marginale des banques au risque systémique. Les observations de l'auteur devraient intéresser les autorités de réglementation et les responsables de l’élaboration des politiques, puisque les modifications récemment apportées à la réglementation dans la foulée des recommandations de Bâle III exigent que les gains et pertes latents afférents aux titres disponibles à la vente soient inclus dans le capital réglementaire des banques utilisant les approches avancées.

Suggested Citation

  • Urooj Khan, 2019. "Does Fair Value Accounting Contribute to Systemic Risk in the Banking Industry?," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 36(4), pages 2588-2609, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:36:y:2019:i:4:p:2588-2609
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12501
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    1. Anne Beatty, 1995. "The effects of fair value accounting on investment portfolio management: how fair is it?," Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, issue Jan, pages 25-39.
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    3. Monica Laura Zlati & Romeo Victor Ionescu & Valentin Marian Antohi, 2022. "Modelling the Vulnerability of Financial Accounting Systems during Global Challenges: A Comparative Analysis," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-21, April.
    4. Cui, Jinxin & Maghyereh, Aktham, 2023. "Higher-order moment risk connectedness and optimal investment strategies between international oil and commodity futures markets: Insights from the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia-Ukraine conflict," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    5. Mahieux, Lucas, 2024. "Fair value accounting, illiquid assets, and financial stability," Other publications TiSEM 5dd826be-1379-4456-a9c2-e, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    6. Sara Longo & Antonio Parbonetti & Amedeo Pugliese, 2022. "Investors’ expectations around quantitative easing: does liquidity injection affect European banks equally?," Journal of Management & Governance, Springer;Accademia Italiana di Economia Aziendale (AIDEA), vol. 26(3), pages 957-996, September.

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