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CEO Hedging Opportunities and the Weighting of Performance Measures in Compensation Contracts†

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  • Shengmin Hung
  • Hunghua Pan
  • Taychang Wang

Abstract

This study examines the rather controversial practice of managerial hedging, which allows CEOs to delink their compensation from stock price performance. We presume that boards are aware of these practices and adjust the weights placed on accounting‐based and stock‐based performance measures in executive compensation contracts to mitigate the problem. Empirically, we find that, in the presence of managerial hedging opportunities, accounting‐based performance measures receive more weight, whereas stock‐based performance measures receive less weight in determining executive compensation. Moreover, these results are more pronounced when managerial hedging needs are high. Regarding the effects of earnings management resulting from accounting‐based incentives, we find that good auditing and strong governance mechanisms strengthen the benefit of placing more weight on accounting‐based performance measures. Taken together, our findings suggest that corporate boards shift the relative weights of performance measures in compensation contracts in response to managerial hedging opportunities, which is consistent with optimal contracting. Possibilités de couverture des risques ouvertes aux chefs de la direction et pondération des indicateurs de performance dans les contrats de rémunération Les auteurs étudient la pratique controversée des dirigeants consistant à couvrir les risques et permettant aux chefs de la direction de dissocier leur rémunération de la performance du cours des actions. Ils présupposent que les conseils d'administration sont au fait de ces pratiques et qu'ils ajustent, dans les contrats de rémunération des cadres dirigeants, le poids attribué aux indicateurs de performance fondés sur les données comptables et sur le comportement des actions, de manière à atténuer cette problématique. L'analyse empirique à laquelle ils procèdent révèle que, lorsque des possibilités de couverture des risques sont ouvertes aux dirigeants, un poids supérieur est attribué aux indicateurs de performance fondés sur les données comptables alors qu'un poids inférieur est attribué aux indicateurs de performance fondés sur le comportement des actions, dans la détermination de la rémunération des cadres dirigeants. En outre, ces résultats sont plus marqués lorsque les besoins des dirigeants en matière de couverture sont élevés. Pour ce qui est de l'incidence de la gestion du résultat induite par les mesures incitatives fondées sur les données comptables, les auteurs observent que la qualité de l'audit et la rigueur des mécanismes de gouvernance renforcent les avantages de l'attribution d'un poids supérieur aux indicateurs de performance fondés sur les données comptables. Dans l'ensemble, selon les conclusions des auteurs, les conseils d'administration d'entreprise sembleraient faire varier le poids relatif des indicateurs de performance dans les contrats de rémunération en fonction des possibilités de couverture des risques ouvertes aux dirigeants, ce qui s'inscrit dans la visée de contrats optimaux.

Suggested Citation

  • Shengmin Hung & Hunghua Pan & Taychang Wang, 2019. "CEO Hedging Opportunities and the Weighting of Performance Measures in Compensation Contracts†," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 36(4), pages 2319-2343, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:36:y:2019:i:4:p:2319-2343
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12502
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jeffrey M Wooldridge, 2010. "Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 2, volume 1, number 0262232588, April.
    2. Jean Tirole, 2006. "The Theory of Corporate Finance," Post-Print hal-00173191, HAL.
    3. Guercio, Diane Del & Hawkins, Jennifer, 1999. "The motivation and impact of pension fund activism," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 52(3), pages 293-340, June.
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    Cited by:

    1. Jongwon Park & Sunyoung Kim & Albert Tsang, 2023. "CEO Personal Hedging and Corporate Social Responsibility," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 182(1), pages 199-221, January.
    2. Stefano Colonnello & Giuliano Curatola & Shuo Xia, 2022. "Trading Away Incentives," Working Papers 2022:16, Department of Economics, University of Venice "Ca' Foscari".

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