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Auditing Complex Estimates: How Do Construal Level and Evidence Formatting Impact Auditors' Consideration of Inconsistent Evidence?

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  • Ann G. Backof
  • Tina D. Carpenter
  • Jane Thayer

Abstract

The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board is concerned about auditors' tendency to ignore relevant information that is inconsistent with management's assumptions underlying complex estimates. We find that priming auditors to consider how management arrived at a particular assumption helps curb aggressive reporting by encouraging auditors to engage in low‐level, concrete thinking regarding the direct evidence underlying the assumption. Low‐level, concrete thinking enhances auditors' sensitivity to relevant contradictory evidence. We also find that auditors reviewing graphical (versus textual) evidence are more skeptical of aggressive assumptions underlying a complex estimate. Evidence suggests that this is because graphs provide a better cognitive fit for tasks requiring comparisons and associations among data points. Our study is important to practitioners, regulators, and researchers as it sheds light on how a simple prime and the presentation format of audit evidence influence auditors' professional skepticism in this area. Additionally, it supports audit firms' initiatives to transform data to more visual formats by highlighting a context in which graphs improve auditors' judgments. Finally, we provide evidence as to how different primes affect auditors' evaluation of evidence, which can be useful in designing more effective audit plans. Audit d'estimations complexes : comment le niveau de conceptualisation et le mode de présentation des éléments probants influent‐ils sur la perception qu'ont les auditeurs des éléments probants incohérents ? Le PCAOB s'inquiète de la propension des auditeurs à ne pas tenir compte d'informations pertinentes infirmant les hypothèses de la direction sous‐jacentes aux estimations complexes. Les auteures constatent que la création de conditions incitant les auditeurs à se pencher sur la façon dont la direction est parvenue à une hypothèse donnée aide à contrer l'usage de méthodes comptables audacieuses, en amenant les auditeurs à envisager sous un angle pragmatique et objectif les éléments probants directs sur lesquels repose l'hypothèse. Un mode de réflexion pragmatique et objectif aiguise la sensibilité des auditeurs aux éléments probants pertinents qui sont contradictoires. Les auteures constatent également que les auditeurs qui examinent les éléments probants graphiques (comparativement aux éléments probants textuels) font davantage preuve d'esprit critique à l'égard des hypothèses audacieuses sous‐jacentes à une estimation complexe. Les données étudiées semblent indiquer que ce comportement s'explique par les propriétés des graphiques qui, sur le plan cognitif, seraient mieux adaptés aux tâches nécessitant des comparaisons et l'établissement de liens entre les éléments de données. Il s'agit d'une étude importante pour les professionnels en exercice, les autorités de réglementation et les chercheurs, puisqu'elle jette un éclairage sur la façon dont la simple création de conditions incitatives et le mode de présentation des éléments probants influent sur l'esprit critique des auditeurs dans ce domaine. L'étude appuie au surplus les initiatives des cabinets d'audit visant la transformation des données de manière à ce que leur présentation soit plus visuelle, grâce à une contextualisation dans laquelle les graphiques améliorent les jugements des auditeurs. Enfin, les auteures font état de données relatives à la façon dont la création de différentes conditions influe sur l'évaluation des éléments probants par les auditeurs, renseignements susceptibles d'être utiles dans la conception de plans d'audit plus efficaces.

Suggested Citation

  • Ann G. Backof & Tina D. Carpenter & Jane Thayer, 2018. "Auditing Complex Estimates: How Do Construal Level and Evidence Formatting Impact Auditors' Consideration of Inconsistent Evidence?," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 35(4), pages 1798-1815, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:35:y:2018:i:4:p:1798-1815
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12368
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Dennis D. Fehrenbacher & Anis Triki & Martin Michael Weisner, 2021. "Can multitasking influence professional scepticism?," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 61(1), pages 1277-1306, March.
    2. Aaron Saiewitz & Elaine (Ying) Wang, 2020. "Using Cultural Mindsets to Reduce Cross‐National Auditor Judgment Differences," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(3), pages 1854-1881, September.
    3. Christopher J. Wolfe & Brant E. Christensen & Scott D. Vandervelde, 2020. "Intuition versus Analytical Thinking and Impairment Testing†," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(3), pages 1598-1621, September.
    4. Ruhnke, Klaus, 2023. "Empirical research frameworks in a changing world: The case of audit data analytics," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    5. Yi (Dale) Fu & Noel Harding & David C. Hay & Mohammad Jahanzeb Khan & Tom Scott & Harj Singh & Sarka Stepankova & Nigar Sultana, 2023. "Comments of the AFAANZ Auditing and Assurance Standards Committee on Proposed International Standard on Auditing 500 (Revised) Audit Evidence," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 63(4), pages 4805-4812, December.
    6. Van Landuyt, Ben W., 2021. "Does emphasizing management bias decrease auditors’ sensitivity to measurement imprecision?," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    7. Hunt, Nicholas C. & Curtis, Mary B. & Rixom, Jessica M., 2022. "Financial priming, psychological distance, and recognizing financial misreporting as an ethical issue: The role of financial reporting responsibility," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    8. Joseph A. Johnson & Patrick R. Martin & Bryan Stikeleather & Donald Young, 2022. "Investigating the Interactive Effects of Prosocial Actions, Construal, and Moral Identity on the Extent of Employee Reporting Dishonesty," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 181(3), pages 721-743, December.

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